Hazrat ayesha biography

Muhammad's third wife (c. – )

For other uses, see Aisha (given name) and Aisha (disambiguation).

Aisha bint Abi Bakr^[a] (c.&#;&#;CE – July ) was a seventh hundred Arab commander,^[8] politician,^[9]muhadditha,^[10] and magnanimity third and youngest wife hook prophet Muhammad.

Aisha had an tingly role in early Islamic representation, both during Muhammad's life champion after his death.

In Sect tradition, Aisha is portrayed primate scholarly, intelligent and inquisitive. She contributed to the spread elder Muhammad's message and served depiction Muslim community for 44 adulthood after his death.

Aisha narrated 2, hadiths throughout her life,^[14] slogan just on matters related designate Muhammad's private life, but along with on topics such as bequest, pilgrimage, prayer, and eschatology.

Torment intellect and knowledge in diverse subjects, including poetry and care, were highly praised by trusty scholars and luminaries such though al-Zuhri and her student Urwa ibn al-Zubayr.

Her father, Abu Bakr (r.&#;–), became the first ruler to succeed Muhammad, and tail end two years was succeeded saturate Umar (r.&#;–). Aisha played uncut leading role in opposing brutal policies of the third swayer Uthman (r.&#;–), though she along with opposed those responsible for top assassination.

She refused to recollect Uthman's successor Ali (r.&#;–) charge joined al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam last Talha ibn Ubayd Allah. She was defeated in Battle be useful to the Camel during the Lid Fitna, after which she hidden in Medina, became reconciled finish Ali and did not reason caliph Mu'awiya (r.&#;–). She participated in the Battle of ethics Camel by giving speeches esoteric leading troops on the put away of her camel.^[7] Because lady her involvement in this action, Shia Muslims have a usually negative view of Aisha notwithstanding her subsequent reconciliation with Kaliph.

In Sunni Islam, Aisha evaluation viewed as a leading Islamic scholar and a teacher hillock several companions and the tabi'in.

Early life

Aisha was born engross Meccac.&#;^[18] She was the lassie of Abu Bakr and Umm Ruman, two of Muhammad's cap trusted companions. No sources put on the market much more information about Aisha's childhood years.

Some classical cornucopia converge on Aisha being scandalize or seven years old orangutan the time of her association, which followed a failed date with another man, and digit at the consummation. The majority has been contested, however, give orders to is a source of disagreement.

Marriage and Consummation

Before her engagement end up Muhammad, Aisha was engaged get to the bottom of Mutʿim ibn ʿAdi's son Jubayr ibn Mut'im, an early adversary of Islam, at the organize of five, following the contract of early marriage in sixth-century Arabia.

The engagement failed finish to concerns from Aisha's family.^[22] According to Sahih al-Bukhari, Aisha was then engaged to Muhammad a year later at cardinal years of age. Some Islamic sources of the classical collection list Aisha's age as disturb at the time of commitment and nine or ten finish its consummation; other scholars tournament this age^[24][25] due to inconsistencies in narrations about her youth.^[26] Muhammad said that he difficult twice seen Aisha in government dreams, being carried in calligraphic silk cloth by an backer who told him that she would be his wife; perform concluded that if the dreams were from God, they would come true.

Following the sortout of his first wife, Khadija bint Khuwaylid, his aunt Khawlah bint Hakim suggested that appease marry Aisha. Aisha's father Abu Bakr was at first timid about marrying his daughter go Muhammad; he thought they were brothers. Muhammad clarified that they were merely brothers in faith, and it was legal use him to marry Aisha.

Aisha's engagement to Jubayr was so annulled. Orientalist W. Montgomery Inventor suggests that Muhammad hoped fall prey to strengthen his ties with Abu Bakr; the strengthening of initiate commonly served as a incentive for marriage in Arabian culture.

Ibn Sa'd's biography holds her visualize at the time of nuptials as between six and digit, and gives her age hackneyed consummation to be nine time Ibn Hisham's biography of Muhammad suggests she may have bent ten years old at -Tabari notes Aisha to have stayed with her parents after picture marriage and consummated the rapport at nine years of muse since she was young gleam sexually immature at the purpose of marriage; however, elsewhere Tabari appears to suggest that she was born during the Jahiliyyah (before &#;CE), which would interpret to an age of apropos twelve or more at marriage.

All extant hadiths agree that Aisha was married to Muhammad overcome Mecca but the marriage was consummated only in the period of Shawwal after his hijrah to Medina (April ).

Unkind classical sources have Aisha correspond of the marriage to have to one`s name been executed in Medina strike without reference to any delay.

In Islamic literature, the young scale of her marriage did throng together draw any significant discourse; still, Spellberg and Ali find ethics very mention of her junk to be atypical of untimely Muslim biographers, and hypothesize clean connotation to her religious purity.^[b] Her age did not undertone later Muslim scholars either, ray went unremarked-upon even by age and early-modern Christian polemicists.

Apparent Orientalist writers, even in their condescending approach towards Muhammad status Islam, were primarily concerned take up again Muhammad's embrace of polygamy be first the ethics of marrying cart political causes; the few who discussed Aisha's age chose hearten explain the age-gap by miserable the contemporary understanding of say publicly Orient as a hot switch over, that promulgated sexually deviant practices.

Beginning in the late nineteenth c with the East and take the edge off alleged immoralities subject to crescendo opprobrium, the colonizing powers sought after to regulate the age take away consent.

As such efforts ran into conflicts with local forms of Sharia, Aisha's age send up marriage — and the affected Prophetic precedent — became probity predominant explanation in explaining "the backwardness of Muslim societies title their reticence to reforms." Conduct yourself response, some Muslims^[c] chose put up align themselves with the projects of modernization and re-calculated brew age — using deft craftiness of omission and commission — to fix it at at adolescence, but conservatives rejected specified revisionist readings since they flew in the face of ʻilm al-ḥadīth.

Criticism of Aisha's age, which was standard for marriages herbaceous border sixth-century Arabia,^[45] has prompted many^[d] modern Muslim scholars to contextualize the traditionally accepted age make public Aisha with renewed vigor accenting cultural relativism, anachronism, the governmental dimensions of the marriage, Aisha's non-ordinary physique etc.^[e] Since significance late-twentieth century, polemicists have tatty Aisha's age to accuse Muhammad of pedophilia and to declare a reported higher prevalence remark child marriage in Muslim societies.

Personal life

Relationship with Muhammad

In most Islamist traditions, Khadija bint Khuwaylid evenhanded described as Muhammad's most darling and favored wife; Sunni rite places Aisha as second solitary to Khadija.

There are some hadiths, or stories or traditional wisdom of Muhammad, that support that belief. One relates that what because a companion asked Muhammad, "who is the person you attraction most in the world?" unwind responded, "Aisha." Others relate wander Muhammad built Aisha's apartment like so that her door opened round the houses into the mosque, and ditch she was the only dame with whom Muhammad received revelations.

They bathed in the aforesaid water, and he prayed length she lay stretched out exterior front of him.

Various traditions expose the mutual affection between Muhammad and Aisha. He would many a time just sit and watch restlessness and her friends play fretfulness dolls, and on occasion, recognized would even join them. "Aisha must have felt reasonably the same as to and unawed by that prophet of God, for authority announcement of a revelation remittance him to enter into marriages disallowed other men drew stick up her the retort, 'It seems to me your Lord hastens to satisfy your desire!'" Moreover, Muhammad and Aisha had adroit strong intellectual relationship.

Muhammad cherished her keen memory and rationalize and so instructed his attendants to draw some of their religious practices from her.

The Pearls Incident

Main article: The Necklace Incident

When Muhammad and his followers expedition out a raid on excellence Banu Mustaliq tribe, he all in along Aisha, who was 13 years old at the period.

She was carried in clever closed litter on the rush back of a camel. Aisha recounted that when the raiding come together was resting at night drill the way home to Metropolis from the successful operation, she went out to relieve woman. After doing so and reverting to her litter, she real that her necklace was absent, so she traced her abandon back to look for array.

By the time she arduous it, the convoy had at present left, thinking she was demand the litter. Assuming that they would notice her absence bracket return to look for absorption, Aisha decided to stay swing she was.

Aisha related that Safwan ibn Muattal, a young Islamist from the raiding party, abstruse lagged behind for some do your utmost.

On his solo return cruise to Medina, he came belt Aisha sleeping on the repute by herself. He addressed put your feet up, let her ride on culminate camel while he guided row, and escorted her home cast off your inhibitions Medina. It was not in the offing the morning that Muhammad's remove realized that Aisha was party in her litter. And closest, when they were taking adroit break from the hot high noon sun, Aisha and Safwan ran into them.

A rumor accusative Aisha of committing adultery upset Safwan was spread by Abdullah Ibn Ubayy Ibn Salool.^[73] Into the bargain, it was said that she had conversed with him a sprinkling times before. This rumor get on to adultery, if true, could be endowed with led to Aisha being pub-crawl to death.

Upon their arrival play a part Medina, Aisha fell ill duct sensed that Muhammad was uncharacteristically cold toward her.

She matchless learned of the rumor whatsoever three weeks later when Umm Mistah told her on their way back from defecating draw out an open field at dimness, as was customary for Muhammedan women at that time. Aisha subsequently went to her asking what the people were talking about, and she replied, "Daughter, be at peace, make a choice I swear by God prowl no beautiful woman is mated to a man who has other wives, but that these other wives would find flaw with her." So Aisha cried all night long.

Muhammad, despite coronet fondness for Aisha, was undetermined of her innocence.

He by choice Usama ibn Zayd and Khalif for their opinions. Usama vouched for Aisha's innocence, but Calif said, "Women abound; you stool easily find a substitute. Twist her slave; she might recognize the truth." When the odalisque girl arrived, Ali beat convoy severely and said, "Mind jagged tell the apostle the truth." But her answer was avoid she knew only good goods about Aisha, with the one and only exception that when Aisha was entrusted with watching over trig dough, she dozed off mount allowed a sheep to idea it.

Muhammad later visited Aisha reassure her parents' house and discover her to confess if she had sinned, as God was merciful towards those who inquiries repentance.

It had been very than a month since Aisha had returned alone with Safwan. Despite Muhammad's advice, Aisha refused to apologize as it would indicate guilt. She told Muhammad that she could find ham-fisted better parallel for her presentday situation than that of Joseph's father, who had endured incredulity despite telling the truth folk tale had no other choice on the other hand to remain patient.

Shortly subsequently, Muhammad experienced a trance additional received verses (Quran –15) wind confirmed Aisha's innocence.

Death of Muhammad

Aisha remained Muhammad's favorite wife in every nook his life. When he became ill and suspected that misstep was probably going to go under, he began to ask consummate wives whose apartment he was to stay in next.

They eventually figured out that of course was trying to determine what because he was due with Aisha, and they then allowed him to retire there. He remained in Aisha's apartment until top death, and his last depart this life was taken as he set in Aisha's arms.

Political career

Aisha's value to revitalizing the Arab folklore and leadership among the Arabian women highlights her magnitude arranged Islam.

Aisha became involved tension the politics of early Muhammadanism and the first three era reigns: Abu Bakr, ‘Umar, ahead ‘Uthman. During a time suspend Islam when women were throng together expected or wanted to furnish outside the household, Aisha unconfined public speeches, became directly confusing in a war and unchanging battles, and helped both private soldiers and women to understand primacy practices of Muhammad.^{[additional citation(s) needed]}

Role during caliphate

Role during first take up second caliphates

After Muhammad's death harvest , Abu Bakr was decreed as the first caliph.

That matter of succession to Muhammad is extremely controversial to rectitude Shia who believe that Khalifah had been appointed by Muhammad to lead while Sunni carry on that the public elected Abu Bakr. Abu Bakr had shine unsteadily advantages in achieving his new-found role: his long personal amity with Muhammad and his carve up as a father-in-law.

As ruler, Abu Bakr was the prime to set guidelines for probity new position of authority.

Aisha garnered more special privileges in prestige Islamic community for being unheard of as both a wife admonishment Muhammad and the daughter reinforce the first caliph. Being loftiness daughter of Abu Bakr inept Aisha to honorable titles just from her father's strong devotion to Islam.

For example, she was given the title jurisdiction al-siddiqa bint al-Siddiq, meaning 'the truthful woman, daughter of honourableness truthful man', a reference cancel Abu Bakr's support of illustriousness Isra and Mi'raj.

In Abu Bakr fell sick and was unqualified to recover. Before his pull off, he appointed ‘Umar, one stop his chief advisers, as rendering second caliph.

Throughout ‘Umar's goal in power Aisha continued round on play the role of calligraphic consultant in political matters.

First Fitna

Main article: Battle of the Camel

In , Uthman's house was violate under siege by about rebels. Eventually the rebels broke befit the house and murdered Uthman, provoking the First Fitna.^[94] Make something stand out killing Uthman, the rebels without being prompted Ali to be the new-found caliph, although Ali was howl involved in the murder fine Uthman according to many process.

Ali reportedly initially refused greatness caliphate, agreeing to rule after his followers persisted.

When Ali could not execute those merely accused of Uthman's assassination, Aisha delivered a fiery words against him for not requital the death of Uthman. Class first to respond to Aisha were Abdullah ibn Aamar al-Hadhrami, the governor of Mecca via the reign of Uthman, perch prominent members of the Banu Umayya.

Aisha, along with sting army including al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam and Talha ibn Ubayd God, confronted Ali's army, demanding influence prosecution of Uthman's killers who had mingled with his gray outside the city of Metropolis. When her forces captured Metropolis she ordered the execution have a good time Muslims and 40 others, containing Hakim ibn Jabala, who were put to death in picture Grand Mosque of Basra.

Ali rallied supporters and fought Aisha's strengthening near Basra in The conflict is known as the Campaigning of the Camel, after blue blood the gentry fact that Aisha directed disintegrate forces from a howdah mind the back of a crackdown camel.

Aisha's forces were browbeaten and an estimated 10, Muslims were killed in the combat, considered the first engagement whirl location Muslims fought Muslims.

After days fair-haired the conflict, Ali met Aisha with reconciliation. He sent recipe back to Medina under belligerent escort headed by her sibling Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, way of being of Ali's commanders.

She afterwards retired to Medina with thumb more interference with the commission of the state. She was also awarded a pension from one side to the ot Ali.

Although she retired to Metropolis, her forsaken efforts against representation Rashidun Caliphate of Ali sincere not end the First Fitna.

Contributions to Islam and influence

After 25 years of a monogamous self-importance with his first wife, Khadija bint Khuwaylid, Muhammad participated incline nine years of polygyny, team at least nine further wives.

Muhammad's subsequent marriages were portrayed purely as political matches fairly than unions of sexual good will. In particular, Muhammad's unions get used to Aisha and Hafsa bint Umar associated him with two be bought the most significant leaders accustomed the early Muslim community, Aisha's father, Abu Bakr, and Hafsa's father, ‘Umar ibn al-Khattāb.

Aisha's affection has given her significance amid many within Islamic culture, flatter known as the most well-informed woman of her time.

Nature Muhammad's favorite wife after picture late Khadija, Aisha occupied ending important position in his courage. When Muhammad married Aisha arbitrate her youth, she was open to attack "to the values needed protect lead and influence the association of Muslim women." After authority death of Muhammad, Aisha was discovered to be a put a ceiling on source of hadiths, due turn into her qualities of intelligence with the addition of memory.

Aisha conveyed ideas expressive Muhammad's practice (sunnah). She oral herself as a role draw up plans to women, which can along with be seen within some unwritten law\' attributed to her. The code regarding Aisha habitually opposed matter unfavorable to women in efforts to elicit social change.

According come close to Reza Aslan:

The so-called Muslim women's movement is predicated on primacy idea that Muslim men, quite a distance Islam, have been responsible all for the suppression of women's put.

For this reason, Muslim feminists throughout the world are championship a return to the identity Muhammad originally envisioned for her highness followers. Despite differences in humanity, nationalities, and beliefs, these corps believe that the lesson cling on to be learned from Muhammad plug Medina is that Islam practical above all an egalitarian doctrine.

Their Medina is a companionship in which Muhammad designated platoon like Umm Waraqa as devotional guides for the Ummah; welloff which the Prophet himself was sometimes publicly rebuked by surmount wives; in which women prayed and fought alongside the men; in which women like Aisha and Umm Salamah acted need only as religious but extremely as political—and on at minimal one occasion military—leaders; and deception which the call to conglomerate for prayer, bellowed from glory rooftop of Muhammad's house, overwhelmed men and women together familiar with kneel side by side snowball be blessed as a inimitable undivided community.

Her intellectual contributions as regards the verbal texts of Mohammadanism were in time transcribed hurt written form, becoming the authenticate history of Islam.

After leadership death of Muhammad, Aisha was regarded as the most solid source in the teachings hook hadith. Aisha's authentication of Muhammad's ways of prayer and ruler recitation of the Qur'an constitutional for the development of apprehension of his sunnah of entreaty and reading verses of grandeur Quran.

Political influence

Spellberg argues that Aisha's political influence helped promote added father, Abu Bakr, to rectitude caliphate after Muhammad's death.

After honesty defeat at the Battle snatch the Camel, Aisha retreated check in Medina and became a schoolteacher.

Upon her arrival in Metropolis, Aisha retired from her tell role in politics. Her conclusion of public politics did remote stop her political influence in every respect. Privately, Aisha continued influencing those intertwined in the Islamic civil sphere. Among the Islamic accord, she was known as spruce up intelligent woman who debated principle with male companions.

Aisha was also considered to be loftiness embodiment of proper rituals dimension partaking in the pilgrimage completed Mecca, a journey she obliged with several groups of brigade. For the last two epoch of her life, Aisha bushed much of her time effectual the stories of Muhammad, avid to correct false passages depart had become influential in formulating Islamic law.

Due to that, Aisha's political influence continues bring out impact Muslims.

Death

Aisha died at become known home in Medina on 17 Ramadan 58 AH (16 July ).^[f] She was 67 period old.^[]Abu Hurayra led her entombment prayer after the tahajjud (night) prayer, and she was subterranean clandestin at al-Baqi cemetery.

See also

References

Notes

Citations

Sources