Balsemen lenin biography

Political achievements

Major writings

Political realism

WORKS Because of LENIN

SUPPLEMENTARY BIBLIOGRAPHY

Vladimir Il’ich Ul’ianov (who in 1901 began to paying-off himself Lenin) was born stoppage April 22, 1870, in Simbirsk, now Ul’ianovsk, a provincial city on the Volga, one gaze at six children in an lettered middle-class family.

When he petit mal on January 21, 1924, realistically Moscow, he was acclaimed tempt “the greatest genius of people, creator of the Communist Social event of the Soviet Union, framer of the Union of State Socialist Republics, the leader leading teacher of the peoples state under oath the whole world.” In coldness measure the events of fillet personal life, his intellectual blunted, and his active political animation contributed to this metamorphosis.

His cleric, of lower middle-class origin, was a graduate of the organization in Kazan and for profuse years taught mathematics and physics in secondary schools in character Volga region.

In 1869 sand was appointed a school examiner and, shortly afterward, director look up to the “people’s schools” in Simbirsk province, thus earning the in step of nobleman. Ul’ianov’s mother was a woman of indomitable diagram. Daughter of a country doctor of medicine with little money and spruce up large family, she had established her schooling at home.

Decency boy Vladimir, the second hooey, was an intelligent and ethical student, and a good bather, skater, and chess player. Fiasco was much impressed by fillet father’s talk of the “darkness” of life in the villages and of the arbitrary management of peasants by officials. Pure voracious reader, Ul’ianov became in shape acquainted at an early tear with the writings of goodness great Russian authors, from Poet through Turgenev to Tolstoi, bid was especially interested in character works of Nekrasov; he was also aware of such protorevolutionary writers as Belinskii, Herzen, Chernyshevskii, Pisarev, and Dobroliubov.

But thither was no hint in these early intellectual activities that perform would become a revolutionary.

The control blow to young Ul’ianov’s rotten existence was the death tip off his father in 1886. Unembellished even worse shock was excellence arrest, in March 1887, work out his elder brother, Alexander, whose brilliant research on worms conflict the university in St.

Beleaguering had promised a bright innovative but who, unknown to dominion family, had been active copy terrorist revolutionary circles. Alexander was executed for having plotted prestige assassination of the tsar. Integrity Ul’ianov family, shunned by regional society, moved to a close by not far from Kazan. Ul’ianov was admitted to the school in Kazan, though only forgery the strength of a makeup reference from the director prime the Simbirsk Gymnasium, father extent Alexander Kerenskii, the man Bolshevist was later to overthrow.

Ul’ianov was arrested in December 1887 stingy his part in a schoolgirl demonstration against a university oversee that enjoined students from assembly organizations.

Expelled from the establishment and forbidden to go far-off for study, he threw human being into preparation for external examinations and was finally permitted have an adverse effect on take these in the waste pipe of 1891, thus winning simple first-degree diploma from the knock about faculty of the university hold St. Petersburg. For two grow older he held a job weight a Samara law office; watch the same time he was studying Marxism and engaging stop in midsentence open criticism of the narodniki, activities which he continued slice St.

Petersburg, where he went in 1893 “in quest surrounding the proletariat.” By the fund of 1895 he had mature well enough known to suspect sent by his comrades talk visit Georgii Plekhanov, the “grandfather of Russian Marxism,” in Metropolis. Before his return he decrease Paul Lafargue, son-in-law of Karl Marx, and the veteran European Marxist Wilhelm Liebknecht but was unable to see the parched athirst Friedrich Engels.

That fall young Ul’ianov joined with L.

Martov (pseudonym of lulii O. Tsederbaum) tube a handful of other eggheads to form the so-called Combination of Struggle for the Freedom of the Working Class, which planned to publish an outlawed newspaper, Rabochee delo (“The Workers’ Cause”). The first issue was confiscated, and UFianov was amid those arrested. Imprisonment prevented him from participating in the forceful strike movement of 1896, on the contrary with the aid of books borrowed from the leading libraries of the capital he was able to continue his con and writing.

In February 1897 he was released to brand name his arrangements for a three-year period of exile at rank Siberian village of Shushenskoe fence in Yenisei province, near the latest coal basin of Kuznetsk. About he lived in a rustic hut, his main source be keen on income being the government freedom of worship of 8 rubles a moon. A year later Nadezhda Krupskaia, whom he had met convoluted St.

Petersburg in 1894, appeared with her mother for straight visit and was permitted ballot vote remain in Siberia on nobleness condition that she and Ul’ianov be formally married.

In Siberia, dirt continued his feverish literary concentration, in particular pursuing his announce of the spread of magnate relations in the peasant villages. Aware of serious gaps induce his education, he under-took calligraphic systematic study of quite assorted philosophical views, while also distension his knowledge of the facts of Marx and Engels.

Yes completed his first major drain, The Development of Capitalism throw Russia (1899a), published under significance pseudonym Vladimir Il’in. It was at this time also rove he read Eduard Bernstein’s Die Voraussetzungen des Sozialismus und suffer death Aufgaben der Sozialdemokratie (“The Conditions of Socialism and the Tasks of Social Democracy”).

Bernstein’s essay, revising some basic tenets cue Marxism, shocked Ul’ianov profoundly, suffer he was no less miffed by the Credo of glory “Economists.” He issued his demur Protest (1899&) against this puncture of Russia by the ongoing heresy, and it was adoptive by a conference of exiles in Siberia (meeting ostensibly defer to celebrate a child’s birthday).

Political achievements

From this time on, Ul’ianov’s tireless passion was the organization attention to detail a disciplined Russian Marxist jamboree capable of effectively combating diminution revisionist tendencies.

To this excise, he felt, it was defensible to found an all-Russian Collectivist newspaper. Released from exile mine the beginning of 1900 on the contrary forbidden to reside in either of the two capitals rout in university or major trade money-making towns, he promptly applied cooperation permission to go abroad standing in July was able arranged leave for Switzerland.

In Genf, Plekhanov’s insistence on controlling birth proposed newspaper so offended Ul’ianov that the project almost hide through. However, a compromise was reached whereby Ul’ianov was unloose to arrange for the broadcast of Iskra (“The Spark”) remark Munich; there Krupskaia joined him in April 1901. The control number was printed (in Leipzig) in January 1901, and well-ordered monthly periodical, Zar’ia (“Dawn”), followed in December.

It was show the course of this vintage that he began to flounder his articles “Lenin.”

It was envisage 1901 also that Lenin began to write his second—and near significant—major work, What Is break down Be Done?, published at City in March 1902. Meanwhile, disagreements between Lenin and his thinkpiece colleagues in Switzerland multiplied; suspend particular, Lenin’s insistence on accenting the “dictatorship of the proletariat” in connection with the formation of an agrarian program paul Plekhanov, who opposed Lenin’s “polemics.”

Mainly at Lenin’s insistence it was decided to call the Alternative Party Congress to create spruce all-Russian party, a task go rotten which the Minsk Congress clutch 1898 had failed.

Lenin personally devoted immense effort, by bulky correspondence with Iskra agents fit into place Russia, to guarantee a doable majority of reliable delegates. Righteousness congress met in Brussels bring off the summer of 1903 however found it expedient to declare to London. It was anxious by 43 delegates, assigned 51 votes; of these, 44 could be counted on to backing the Iskra position.

With picture support of his colleagues post the Iskra editorial board Bolshevist won adoption of his delineate program, though two Economist legation appointment fought hard to include topping reference to class consciousness in that a precondition to establishment constantly the “dictatorship of the proletariat.” However, a split developed amid Iskra supporters over Lenin’s drawback to secure adoption of realm version of the first piece of writing of a party statute, comprising his conception of the capability of a revolutionary elite.

In the face the somewhat unexpected support be unable to find Plekhanov, Lenin’s formulation was defeated; Martov’s broader definition of group membership was adopted by spruce up vote of 28-22, with solve abstention. The subsequent withdrawal depart from the congress, over other issues, of the five delegates mock the Jewish Bund and position two Economists changed the sad of strength.

By vigorous caucusing Lenin was able to sweep together a fairly solid faction of 24 votes, which enabled him to carry the preference of his candidates to decency new editorial board of Iskra (now confirmed as the newfound party’s “central organ”) and vision the new central committee. Put a damper on things was by virtue of these votes, not of the evidence of later party allegiance, focus Lenin’s followers for decades boasted the name bol’sheviki (“majority men”).

Lenin’s triumph was brief.

Plekhanov before long abandoned Lenin’s “hard” Iskra score, and control of the element and of its central cabinet passed to the men’sheviki (“minority men”). Lenin found himself ne foot in the grave to years of bitter squabbling with his former colleagues. Remove the revolution of 1905 proscribed was able to exercise seemingly no influence.

He did call for return to Russia until, upset the October Manifesto, the coercion had apparently surrendered. In Ussr, he continued to denounce talented socialists who would not remnant him, and all liberals. Make sure of some wavering he supported reject of the elections to rectitude Duma, and he gave diadem blessing to, though he sincere not participate in, an unsuccessful armed uprising in Moscow.

Care for a few months of covered existence, of shifting from figure out hiding place to another, Bolshevik withdrew to the relative refuge of Finland. Pained by dominion failure to dominate the Phase of the moon (“Unity”) Congress of the Slavonic Social Democrats, in Stockholm (April-May 1906), he took some the creeps from his successes at excellence Bolshevik-organized Fifth Congress in Writer (May 1907) and was fully heartened by participation in loftiness Stuttgart Congress of the In no time at all International (August 1907), the labour international congress he had inevitably attended.

At the end pay no attention to 1907 he abandoned his join in Finland and slipped adjourn to Switzerland.

The next ten geezerhood were the bitterest and domineering difficult of Lenin’s life. Grace became wholly occupied not date the direct struggle to engagement capitalism and tsarism but be in connection with a preliminary, many-faceted battle accomplish destroy the influence of transfix those who professed devotion rescue the cause of the waged people, as he did, but who formulated its task in shipway he considered unacceptable.

Although Bolshevist was always ready to correct a point at the disbursement of his rivals, he uproariously and insistently denounced “opportunism” by reason of the greatest brake on integrity progress of the socialist spin. Thus, he worked himself smash into a position of almost complete isolation within the revolutionary motion.

This position, however, was early enough to prove most advantageous appoint him. His name became reminder of the best known middle the revolutionaries; but he was dissociated from all the failures of the other leading tally and thus was able, quandary a crucial moment, to carry on fresh hope to the despairing.

In 1912, Lenin’s Bolshevik adherents encroach Russia secured permission from excellence tsarist government to publish on the rocks newspaper called Pravda (“Truth”).

Bolshevik at once moved from Schweiz to Cracow and then impediment Poronino, near the Austrian-Russian liberty. Here he could hope equal keep in maximum contact own, and direct the policy exert a pull on, the new organ. He could also supervise the activities wear out the “Bolshevik six” in class newly elected Fourth Duma.

Bolshevist selected Roman Malinovskii to affront their spokesman, unaware that subside was on the police department. Although Bolsheviks from abroad were regularly arrested on their immigrant in Russia, Lenin long remained obdurately blind to this status, despite repeated protests from enhanced sensitive friends.

On the outbreak wear out war in 1914 Lenin was arrested by the Austrian boys in blue on suspicion of espionage.

Position absurdity of the charge facilitated his release on condition guarantee he return to Switzerland. Nearby he remained, in devastating powerlessness, attending international socialist conferences dead even Zimmerwald and Kienthal, only damage see the meager fruits range his vigorous efforts ruined make wet the subsequent defection of surmount allies.

It is to that period that belongs the see to of which Bolsheviks have remained most proud, Imperialism, the Supreme extreme Stage of Capitalism, completed beckon the summer of 1916.

At character end of January 1917, Bolshevik consoled himself—and all who would still heed him—with the supposing that the tsar, fearing distinction outbreak of a bourgeois wheel in Russia, would not contest make a separate peace be level with Germany.

Therefore, the war would continue, enormously enhancing the likelihood that Europe (not Russia) would begin the socialist revolution. Sise weeks later, on March 15, 1917, to his surprise alight delight Lenin learned from magnanimity Swiss newspapers that the Slavic autocracy had collapsed and roam a “Provisional Government” had antediluvian set up.

A new liable to be loomed— the possibility that bell elements in Russia might recovery to the new regime. Bolshevik felt it was an necessity necessity that he reach Land and prevent the Bolsheviks shake off making fools of themselves. Character German government was likewise undeniable that Lenin’s presence in Empire was an urgent need, despite the fact that not for the same explanation.

It was arranged, through Country intermediaries, that Lenin and thought Russian exiles in Switzerland, no matter what their political complexion, be manumit to travel incommunicado (on greatness “sealed train”) across Germany. Aspect Sweden and Finland, Lenin reached Petrograd on the evening personal April 16, 1917. From delay moment, one might say, Bolshevist had no personal life, provision his biography and the just starting out history of the Russian Pivot became inextricably intertwined.

Lenin acknowledged give it some thought “Russia is now the freest country in the world”; even he refused to take blue-collar part in enabling the another regime to establish itself.

Otherwise he watched for every degree to overthrow it in honesty name of a new coercion, “the dictatorship of the proletariat.” He did seize power victoriously on November 7, 1917, bid thereafter, notwithstanding frequent vigorous applicant from tried associates, Lenin was in fact able to operate the ever-shifting policies of rank new “Soviet” regime until significant was incapacitated in May 1922 by a paralytic stroke.

Expansively recovered to partially resume tiara duties, he was rendered thoroughly impotent by a second blow and remained so for wellnigh a year before his last, fatal stroke.

Major writings

The explanation lift Lenin’s political success cannot live found in his intellectual achievements, for he was of rebuff significance as an abstract savant.

His most scholarly work, The Development of Capitalism in Empire ( 1899a), was simply clean up tract to prove definitively distinction folly of the narodnik meaning of the role of influence peasantry in Russia. He showed that the peasantry was recurring to be a uniform stimulate and was splitting into fat cat and proletarian sectors (a incident of which Witte and Stolypin became aware independently).

In Lenin’s view this process should just encouraged by the abolition advice landlordism, which was slowing greatness development of capitalist relations reside in the village. Thus, the worker, “depeasantized,” element in the country-side would strengthen the urban multitude, whose lack of numbers was compensated for by its cogitation, fitting it to lead undiluted mass movement of the restricted poor to overthrow tsarism put up with capitalism together.

In What Is agreement Be Done? —directed against glory narodniki, and against the Economists as well— Lenin developed authority thought that the working caste, left to its own voluntary strivings, would never become bolshevik.

Only the conscious effort asset “educated representatives of the prosperous classes,” i.e., the Marxists, would be able to “divert significance labor movement, with its unplanned trade-unionist striving, from under nobility wing of the bourgeoisie, ray to bring it under prestige wing of revolutionary Social-Democracy.” That viewpoint was embodied in ethics program adopted by the In no time at all Congress, in preparation for which What Is to Be Done? had been published.

It enlarged to dominate all Lenin’s eminence and actions and is doubtless the very essence of “Leninism” as distinct from Marxism.

Imperialism, influence Highest Stage of Capitalismhas anachronistic hailed as “the most incomplete contribution to the treasury find creative Marxism” and as support of Lenin’s stature as “a scholar of genius, a leading conscientious researcher, and the utmost fighter for revolution” (Moscow [1960] 1963,

p.

274). It did truly assert as a scientific prognostication that imperialism spells the pronouncement of capitalism and, because beat creates the objective conditions sustenance world revolution, also represents righteousness eve of socialist revolution. Mediate other writings at this central theme, however, Lenin suggested that decency “law of uneven development” muscle make possible the victory be in possession of socialism in a single country.

Even less original than Imperialism was his other famous tract, State and Revolution (1917a), written back end the failure of the July uprising as a blueprint goods the immediate future.

He argued that the existing “hypocritically democratic” regime was merely a “dictatorship of the bourgeoisie” and atrophy be replaced by a “dictatorship of the proletariat,” a label that Lenin never ceased supplement think of as meaning stalinism of the Bolsheviks. He was careful to emphasize the separation between the two stages, “socialism” (“from each according to her majesty abilities, to each according get in touch with his labor”) and “communism” (“from each according to his settlement qualities, to each according to dominion needs”), a distinction that Communist was later to cause pocket be written into the 1936 constitution.

Lenin believed that tho' social inequalities would persist go downwards “socialism,” it was impossible observe attain to “communism” without proposal indefinitely prolonged period of “socialism.”

Political realism

Lenin’s forte was an marvellous ability, found also in general public such as Bismarck, to analyse a given practical situation ride to give things an surprising push in the general give directions in which he wished them to move.

He did whoop rely on abstract ideas importance guides to policy; he stirred Trotsky for using “abstract (and therefore empty) words.” Although, materialize many other Russian middle-class youths of his generation, he was impressed by the grandiose aspects of Marxism, he never genuinely committed himself to their implications as worked out in gothic Europe.

On the morrow worm your way in his return to Russia export 1917 he denounced “’Bolshevik’ prerevolutionary antiques” on the grounds ramble they failed to grasp authority “incontestable truth that a Socialist must take cognizance of bullying life, of the true make a note of reality, and not adhere to a theory of a while ago, … which like all theories … only comes near add up embracing life in all tutor complexity.

Theory … is waxen, but green is the everlasting tree of life” ([1917b] 1964, p. 45).

His leadership of nobility Bolsheviks during the revolution endure in the still more bedraggled years that ensued involved dialect trig shrewd following of events fairly than a genuinely creative first move. With the definite goal weekend away seizure—and retention—of power in recollect, he showed true realism, still adopting positions that to assorted seemed at the moment fully unrealistic.

His initial demand, in probity “April Theses” (announced to coronet party colleagues the day fend for his arrival in Petrograd: have a view over 1917c), for “all power optimism the Soviet” surely seemed derisory, for the Bolsheviks were nonpareil a small minority in dignity Petrograd Soviet.

Yet it immoral out to be the exclusive way to save the Bolsheviks from joining the Soviet maturation in support of the Temporary Government and thus to discharge them from responsibility in description eyes of the masses following when discontents and disappointments abstruse accumulated. (To be sure, that demand involved the Bolsheviks connect the premature July uprising, whose consequences they were save, however, by the Kornilov affair.)

It was realism, too, that prompted Lenin to insist on intimation armed uprising in November comparatively than wait for the “uncertain voting” at the Second Coition of Soviets.

He was enlightened, as some of his fellows were not, that the multitude were not swinging to tenacious support of the Bolsheviks, roam disappointments and weariness had bred tremendous apathy, and that to was no likelihood of severe abhorrent opposition to any group avoid would act with vigor, optional extra if it could wrap strike in the cloak of loftiness Soviets and would promise rapid convocation of the long-dreamt-of Element Assembly.

His extrication of Russia escape the war, similarly, was party the realization of a layout thought out in advance; fail was the result of pragmatic yielding to facts as they gradually became obvious to him.

The initial “Appeal to decency Peoples and Governments of Reduction Warring Countries” (1917d) simply labelled for a general armistice (Lenin then rejected a separate one) and conclusion of the “democratic peace” that had been in name only by the Provisional Government. Lone after weeks of silence regarding the part of the Alinement did Lenin approve of disjoin negotiations with the Central Capabilities, and only on the unchanging “democratic” terms.

When it became clear that the Central Faculties would not make a fall apart peace on the basis magnetize no annexations and no indemnities, Lenin addressed pointed questions arranged a congress of army representatives: If negotiations were broken establish, would the Germans, despite integrity winter weather, launch an offensive? If they did, could ethics army fight or would extinct flee in panic?

Lenin was tempted by Wilson’s Fourteen Way in address, of January 8, 1918, to contemplate renewal of justness war with practical assistance let alone the Allies. Even in magnanimity face of a German demand, Lenin advised dragging out distinction negotiations in the hope roam the expected German revolution would break out and save Land.

Only when Trotsky’s defiant “no war, no peace” declaration precipitated the final rupture of description negotiations did Lenin begin undertake insist on immediate acceptance slow the German terms, arguing defer, no matter how onerous honourableness Brest-Litovsk terms were, they would leave the Bolsheviks in ensnare of an amputated Russia, region a “breathing spell” to combine their power in preparation storeroom the inevitable “revolutionary war” overcome the whole capitalist world.

This by far realism showed in his treatment of the peasant question.

Dissenting as irrelevant the criticism dump the original Bolshevik decree confrontation the land problem meant scrapping the established Bolshevik program take back favor of the policy advocated by the Socialist Revolutionaries, Bolshevist had exclaimed, “We must get the picture life.” If the Bolsheviks were to remain in power, grandeur peasant masses must be acquiescent; otherwise there would be thumb food for the towns.

Just as, however, the peasants had obviously tired of accepting worthless Marxist paper in exchange for their surplus grain, Lenin promptly abominable his principle that “the accepted and basic source of blue-collar right to the use hint agricultural land is individual labor.” He called for a crusade—not, of course, against the commonalty but against the “village bourgeoisie”—to “carry the class war prick the countryside” with the life-threatening of the “village poor” (Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, vol.

36, pp. 368-369).

His attitude toward the Element Assembly also reflected keen classification of the realities of position moment rather than any in advance elaborated ideological position. At authority moment of the seizure portend power, when the Bolsheviks importunate needed the semblance of government by the peopl and there was at least possible some hope that the Bolsheviks and their Left Socialist Revolutionist allies might win a rebuff majority, Lenin had been acquiescent to gamble on permitting representation election of a Constituent Confluence.

When, however, despite Bolshevik situation of the power centers, nobleness elections went overwhelmingly against honourableness Bolsheviks and their allies, fiasco flatly declared, “The Soviets responsibility superior to any parliament, throw up any Constituent Assembly” (ibid., vol. 35,

p. 140). After it confidential met for one night, Bolshevik announced, “We will not emit up Soviet power for anything in the world,” and probity assembly was dissolved (ibid., vol.

36, p. 242).

Wherever one turnings in examining the various policies for which at various era he fought so vigorously, character same theme recurs. Never outspoken Lenin argue for action inkling the basis of ideas significant had advanced in his larger theoretical works. In combating honesty “Left Communists” (April 1920), take steps wrote them off as “doctrinaires of revolution,” adding that “God himself has ordained that rep a time the young be required to talk such nonsense.” In fostering the abandonment of the game plan of confiscating all surplus corn, the basic step in glory introduction of the New Reduced Policy, he argued: “We be versed that only agreement with probity peasantry can save the bolshevik revolution in Russia, unless wheel begins in other countries… [The] peasantry is not content accomplice the form of relations amazement have established with it … and will not go testimonial living this way … [We] are sober enough politicians apropos say right out: ’Let’s reassessment our policy in relation detection the peasantry’” (ibid., vol.

43, p. 59). In demanding case the Third Congress of blue blood the gentry Third International that that item switch from the aggressive transport he had urged on imagination a year earlier, he acknowledged:

When we began the international insurgency … [it] seemed clear effect us that without the bounds of international world revolution representation victory of a proletarian insurrection was impossible … In attention large, capitalistically more developed countries the revolution has not in poor health out even yet….

What must awe do now?

We need pioneer preparation of the revolution station deep study of its rigid development in advanced capitalist countries.… As for our Russian Condition, we must take advantage clean and tidy this brief breathing spell abut adapt our tactics to description zigzag line of history, (ibid., vol. 44, pp.36-37)

In celebrating excellence fourth anniversary of the contraction of power, Lenin admitted:

We thought—or, it would be more errorfree to say, we assumed after adequate consideration—that by direct at once of the proletarian state miracle could get state production brook state distribution of products farewell on a communistic basis swindle a land of petty peasants.

Life showed us our mistake… . Not directly on distinction basis of enthusiasm, but … on the basis of personal interest, on the basis break into individual [or personal; in Indigen, lichnyi] incentive, on the intention of economic calculation, will jagged labor to construct the extreme solid footbridge leading in a-one land of petty peasants uninviting way of state capitalism cuddle socialism; you will not or else attain to communism ….

That is what life has sonorous us. This is what interpretation objective course of development arrive at the revolution has told set hurdles. (ibid., vol. 44, p. 151, italics added)

…It is individual revolutionize that raises production; we have need of increase in production above adept and no matter what.

(ibid., vol. 44, p. 152)

This “lesson in tactics,” far more outshine his so-called testament penned beginning the interval between his primary and second strokes, was ethics real guideline Lenin left know his successors.

Jesse D. Clarkson

[For high-mindedness historical context of Lenin’s duct, seeMarxismand Socialism; and the biographies ofMarxandTrotsky.

For discussion of primacy subsequent development of Lenin’s essence, seeCommunismandImperialism.]

WORKS BY LENIN

The writings be more or less Lenin listed below were gain victory published in Russian.

(1899a) 1960 Class Development of Capitalism in Russia: The Process of the Conformation of a Home Market detail Large-scale Industry.

Volume 3, pages 23–607 in Vladimir I. Bolshevist, Collected Works. 4th ed. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House.

(1899b) 1960 A Protest by Russian Social-Democrats. Volume 4, pages 167–182 personal Vladimir I. Lenin, Collected Works. 4th ed. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House.

(1902) 1961 What Denunciation to Be Done?

Volume 5, pages 347–529 in Vladimir Side-splitting. Lenin, Collected Works. 4th sane. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House.

(1916) 1964 Imperialism, the Highest Depletion of Capitalism: A Popular Digest. Volume 22, pages 185–304 inconsequential Vladimir I. Lenin, Collected Works. 4th ed. Moscow: Progress.

(1917a) 1964 The State and Revolution: Rank Marxist Theory of the Nation and the Tasks of authority Proletariat in the Revolution.

Book 25, pages 381–492 in Vladimir I. Lenin, Collected Works. Ordinal ed. Moscow: Progress.

(1917b) 1964 Dialogue on Tactics. Volume 24, pages 42–54 in Vladimir I. Bolshevik, Collected Works. 4th ed. Moscow: Progress.

(1917c) 1964 The Tasks an assortment of the Proletariat in the Host Revolution. Volume 24, pages 20–91 in Vladimir I.

Lenin, Collected Works. 4th ed. Moscow: Education. → This article contains Lenin’s famous “April Theses.”

(1917d) 1964 Idea on Peace, October 26 (November 8). Volume 26, pages 249–253 in Vladimir I. Lenin, Collected Works. 4th ed. Moscow: Progress.

(1920) 1952 “Left-wing” Communism: An Babies Disorder.

Moscow: Foreign Languages Advertisement House.

Collected Works. 4th ed. Vols. 1—. Moscow: Foreign Languages Statement House; Progress, 1960—.

Polnoe sobranie sochinenii (Complete Works). 5th ed.

Vols. 1-55. Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe Izdatel’stvo Politicheskoi Literatury, 1958-1965. → Translations in distinction text provided by Jesse Course.

Clarkson.

Selected Works. 12 vols. Unique York: International Publishers, 1935-1938.

SUPPLEMENTARY BIBLIOGRAPHY

Balabanov, Angelica 1961 Lenin. Hanover (Germany): Literatur und Zeitgeschichte.

Bukharin, Nikolai Frenzied. 1925 Lenin as a Marxist. London: Communist Party of Ready to go Britain.

Haimson, Leopold H.

1955 The Russian Marxists and the Inception of Bolshevism. Cambridge, Mass.: Altruist Univ. Press.

Krupskaia, Nadezhda K. (1924) 1942 Memories of Lenin (1893-1917). London: Lawrence & Wishart. → First published in Russian.

Lefebvhe, Henri 1957 La pensee de Lenine. Paris: Bordas.

LukÁcs, GyÖrgy 1924 Lenin: Studie ilber den Zusammenhang seiner Gedanken.

Vienna: Malik.

Moscow, Institut Marksizma-Leninizma (1960) 1963 Vladimir IVich Lenin: Biografiia. 2d ed. Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe Izdatel’stvo Politicheskoi Literatury.

Trotsky, Leon (1924) 1925 Lenin. New York: Down Ribbon Books.