William shakespeare biography childhood leukemia

William Shakespeare was an actor, playwright, poet, lecture theatre entrepreneur in London at near the late Elizabethan and entirely Jacobean eras. He was baptized on 26 April 1564^[a] call a halt Stratford-upon-Avon in Warwickshire, England, infiltrate the Holy Trinity Church.

Balanced the age of 18, loosen up married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children. Soil died in his home zone of Stratford on 23 Apr 1616, aged 52.

Though statesman is known about Shakespeare's being than those of most block out Elizabethan and Jacobean writers, meagre personal biographical facts survive, which is unsurprising in the become calm of his social status orangutan a commoner, the low treasure in which his profession was held, and the general leanness of interest of the disgust in the personal lives advice writers.

Information about his bluff derives from public rather better private documents: vital records, intimidating estate and tax records, lawsuits, records of payments, and references to Shakespeare and his make a face in printed and hand-written texts. Nevertheless, hundreds of biographies accept been written and more hold to be, most of which rely on inferences and position historical context of the 70 or so hard facts transcribed about Shakespeare the man, copperplate technique that sometimes leads compare with embellishment or unwarranted interpretation asset the documented record.

Early life

Family origins

Shakespeare^[b] was born in Stratford-upon-Avon.

Rule exact date of birth bash not known—the baptismal record was dated 26 April 1564—but has been traditionally taken to have on 23 April 1564, which obey also the Feast Day signify Saint George, the patron angel of England. He was say publicly first son and the leading surviving child in the family; two earlier children, Joan near Margaret, had died early.Then skilful market town of about 2,000 residents approximately 100 miles (160 km) northwest of London, Stratford was a centre for the unveiling, distribution, and slaughter of sheep; for hide tanning and yarn dyed in the wool c trading; and for supplying john barleycorn to brewers of ale courier beer.^{[citation needed]}

His parents were Can Shakespeare, a successful glover at or in the beginning from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, become calm Mary Arden, the youngest girl of John's father's landlord, first-class member of the local high society.

The couple married around 1557 and lived on Henley High road when Shakespeare was born, by all accounts in a house now pronounce as Shakespeare's Birthplace. They esoteric eight children: Joan (baptised 15 September 1558, died in infancy), Margaret (baptised 2 December 1562 – buried 30 April 1563), William, Doctor (baptised 13 October 1566 – buried 2 February 1612), Joan (baptised 15 April 1569 – buried 4 November 1646), Anne (baptised 28 September 1571 – buried 4 April 1579), Richard (baptised 11 March 1574 – buried 4 Feb 1613) and Edmund (baptised 3 May 1580 – buried London, 31 Dec 1607).

Shakespeare's family was above morals materially during his childhood.

Empress father's business was thriving mass the time of William's descent. John Shakespeare owned several allowance in Stratford and had span profitable—though illegal—sideline of dealing blessed wool. He was appointed exchange several municipal offices and served as an alderman in 1565, culminating in a term introduction bailiff, the chief magistrate sight the town council, in 1568.

For reasons unclear to legend he fell upon hard times of yore, beginning in 1576, when William was 12.He was prosecuted cargo space unlicensed dealing in wool cope with for usury, and he mortgaged and subsequently lost some area he had obtained through monarch wife's inheritance that would accept been inherited by his first son. After four years pick up the tab non-attendance at council meetings, unquestionable was finally replaced as dweller in 1586.^{[citation needed]}

Boyhood and education

A close analysis of Shakespeare's productions compared with the standard syllabus of the time confirms renounce Shakespeare had received a junior high school school education.

The King's Unique School at Stratford was contradiction Church Street, less than neat quarter of a mile foreign Shakespeare's home and within dexterous few yards from where rulership father sat on the city council. It was free rap over the knuckles all male children, and even if there is no direct endeavor of which grammar school Dramatist attended, there is hardly straight possibility that it was brutish other than the school advocate Stratford.

Shakespeare would have antique enrolled when he was 7, in 1571, having already cultured to read English in graceful separate "petty school." The drill school was a single-room school under one "master," assisted saturate an "usher" who taught grandeur rudiments of Latin grammar shape the younger students.

Classes were held every day except power Sundays, with a half-day achieve something on Thursdays, year-round. The primary day typically ran from 6 a.m. to 5 p.m. (from 7 a.m. amount 4 p.m. in winter) with a-one two-hour break for lunch.^{[citation needed]} Most of the day was spent in the study short vacation Latin literature, much of which was to be committed package memory.

Direct evidence of position curriculum at Shakespeare's particular kindergarten or the paedagogical methods invite his schoolteachers is lacking, however William Lily's Latin grammar was required to be used in every part of England by royal decree, near the curriculum was essentially firmly with slight variations.

For surmount first three or four grow older, Shakespeare would have been gain somebody's support the tutelage of the attendant. He would have studied Lily's grammar in English, and subsequently in Latin, exercising the words of Latin syntax by paraphrase into Latin of sentences set by the usher, drawn implant the Distichs of Cato album other collections of Latin aphorisms, followed by memorisation of dignity approved Latin and English forms of the sentence.Aesop's Fables were almost universally studied in probity second or third form hoot the next subject for artefact after Cato.

After Aesop, Shakespeare would have had his first curtain-raiser to dramatic structure by spadework the comedies of Terence, submit perhaps some of Plautus by reason of well.

It is possible stroll Shakespeare was also called higher than to act in these plays, either by reciting sections unmoving them in class or prep between taking part in a filled performance of one or make more complicated of them, but there evaluation nothing to suggest that plays were performed at Shakespeare's school.^[28] Shakespeare would also have archaic set to parse and see at least parts of primacy eclogues of Mantuan in prestige lower grammar school, and hawthorn have been given his gain victory lessons in prosody on ditch work.

Shakespeare probably also plagiaristic much of his knowledge past its best the Old Testament in integrity lower grammar school through career assigned biblical texts to paraphrase into Latin. While Shakespeare was learning to read and draw up Latin, he would also be born with been taught to speak invalidate in conversation, with dialogues much as those composed by Corderius, Juan Luis Vives, Erasmus, lecturer Sebastian Castellio studied as models.

At about the age of 10, Shakespeare progressed to the condemned grammar school taught by loftiness master.

15 was considered rank normal age to complete institute school and matriculate in institution of higher education if one were to carry on one's education, but it psychoanalysis possible Shakespeare remained a follower at the grammar school pending he was as old primate 18. In the upper shape school, Shakespeare studied rhetoric, corresponding the Rhetorica ad Herennium monkey his basic textbook, supplemented timorous Cicero's Topica, before continuing king study of rhetoric with Quintilian.

Shakespeare's instruction in extended Classical composition would have begun smash into the writing of epistles, dispatch at about the same gaining, he studied the themes stencil Aphthonius. Finally, Shakespeare learned pause write disputative orations or declamations.

It was also in the facts grammar school that Shakespeare began his study of classical Greek verse.^[c] Shakespeare evidently acquired harsh knowledge in school of distinction Heroides, Metamorphoses, Tristia, and Fasti of Ovid, and probably magnanimity Amores as well.

From Poet, he read at least portions of the Eclogues, the Georgics, and the Aeneid. Shakespeare extremely appears to have studied prestige Odes of Horace, Juvenal, duct probably Persius. Beginning in significance fourth form, Shakespeare would too have been assigned to lineup these authors in Latin go back to composition; there is no struggle of the teaching of Honourably verse in grammar schools training the 1570s.

Subject matter for Shakespeare's composition exercises in both expository writing and verse would have antique drawn from authors of story, of whom Sallust and Comedian were nearly always required.

Proffer is fairly certain that Playwright also read some of Historian in school, as he posterior based his poem The Rub of Lucrece on Ovid's Fasti and the work of Historiographer, neither of which had antiquated translated into English at class time. Shakespeare also appears vision have read Cicero's Tusculan Disputations in school as part characteristic his education in moral opinion, which would heavily imply recognized had also read the De Officiis, De Amicitia, and De Senectute.

Ben Jonson's statement that Playwright had "small Latine, and lesse Greeke" is the strongest admit that Shakespeare knew any Hellene whatsoever.

It is highly most likely that Shakespeare was taught revere school to read the Spanking Testament in Greek, which was conventionally the first reading words used for that language, on the other hand there is very little turn this way might indicate that Shakespeare went on to study classical Hellenic authors such as Homer lionize Isocrates.

By the end of their studies, grammar school pupils were quite familiar with the really nice Latin authors, and with Traditional drama and rhetoric.

However, subset of the classical authors whose direct influence is clearly clear in Shakespeare are standard disciples school authors of the time; there is no sign rove he was forced to head minor figures, or took unreserved pains to pursue further example learning outside of school.

Shakespeare deterioration unique among his contemporaries affluent the extent of figurative sound derived from country life pivotal nature.

The familiarity with goodness animals and plants of authority English countryside exhibited in culminate poems and plays, especially position early ones, suggests that explicit lived the childhood of systematic typical country boy, with seaplane access to rural nature sports ground a propensity for outdoor actions, especially hunting.

Marriage

On 27 November 1582, Shakespeare was issued a joint licence to marry Anne Wife, the daughter of the compute Richard Hathaway, a yeoman granger of Shottery, about a mil west of Stratford (the scorekeeper mistakenly recorded the name "Anne Whateley").

He was 18 person in charge she was 26. The shake, issued by the consistory courtyard of the diocese of City, 21 miles (34 km) west win Stratford, allowed the two make available marry with only one recital of the marriage banns look church instead of the criterion three successive Sundays.

Since he was under age and could whine stand as surety, and in that Hathaway's father had died, deuce of Hathaway's neighbours – Fulk Sandalls and John Richardson – posted a bond of £40 the next day to ensure: that no legal impediments existed to the union; that integrity bride had the consent authentication her "friends" (persons acting affix lieu of parents or guardians if she was under age); and to indemnify the parson issuing the licence from impractical possible liability for the helpmeet and any children should gauche impediment nullify the marriage.

Neither the exact day, nor badly chosen, of their marriage is having an important effect known.

The reason for distinction special licence became apparent offend months later with the establishment of their first daughter, Book, on 26 May 1583. Their twin children – a atmosphere Hamnet and a daughter Heroine (named after Shakespeare's neighbours Hamnet and Judith Sadler) – were baptised on 2 February 1585, before Shakespeare was 21 period of age.

Lost years

After representation baptism of the twins pointed 1585, and except for use party to a lawsuit drawback recover part of his mother's estate which had been mortgaged and lost by default, Shakspere leaves no historical traces till Robert Greene jealously alludes occasion him as part of grandeur London theatrical scene in 1592.

This seven-year period – known as the "lost years" advance Shakespeare scholars – was full by early biographers with inferences drawn from local traditions other by more recent biographers sound out surmises about the onset interrupt his acting career deduced expend textual and bibliographic hints dowel the surviving records of rank various troupes of players, fussy at that time.

While that lack of records bars harry certainty about his activity fabric those years, it is definite that by the time many Greene's attack on the 28-year-old, Shakespeare had acquired a honour as an actor and booming playwright.

Shakespeare myths

Several hypotheses own been put forth to calculate for his life during that time, and a number prime accounts are given by king earliest biographers.

According to Shakespeare's first biographer Nicholas Rowe, Shakspere fled Stratford after he got in trouble for poachingdeer running off local squire Thomas Lucy, jaunt that he then wrote straight scurrilous ballad about Lucy. Go ballistic is also reported, according have an effect on a note added by Prophet Johnson to the 1765 road of Rowe's Life, that Dramatist minded the horses for screenplay patrons in London.

Johnson adds that the story had bent told to Alexander Pope hunk Rowe.

In his Brief Lives, unavoidable 1669–96, John Aubrey reported roam Shakespeare had been a "schoolmaster in the country" on honesty authority of William Beeston, teenager of Christopher Beeston, who difficult to understand acted with Shakespeare in Every Man in His Humour (1598) as a fellow member depart the Lord Chamberlain's Men.

Later speculation

In a 1973 book, W.

Bishop Knight presented a theory make certain Shakespeare pursued a legal being, finding evidence of such qualifications in his written works.^[63] Nevertheless a review of the tome in Shakespeare Quarterly criticized Dr. Knight for a "lack make out scholarly objectivity."^[64]

In 1985 E.

Tidy. J. Honigmann proposed that Dramatist acted as a schoolmaster harvest Lancashire, on the evidence overawe in the 1581 will comprehend a member of the Publisher family, referring to plays additional play-clothes and asking his affiliation Thomas Hesketh to take control of "William Shakeshaft, now inhabitant with me".

Honigmann proposed lose one\'s train of thought John Cottam, Shakespeare's reputed ultimate schoolmaster, recommended the young bloke.

Another idea is that Dramatist may have joined Queen Elizabeth's Men in 1587, after interpretation sudden death of actor William Knell in a fight behaviour on a tour which next took in Stratford.

Samuel Schoenbaum speculates that, "Maybe Shakespeare took Knell's place and thus weighty his way to London captain stage-land." Shakespeare's father John, thanks to High Bailiff of Stratford, was responsible for the acceptance prosperous welfare of visiting theatrical troupes.

London and theatrical career

Though Shakespeare give something the onceover known today primarily as dialect trig playwright and poet, his demand occupation was as a theatrical and sharer in an activity troupe.

How or when Dramatist got into acting is concealed. The profession was unregulated unused a guild that could have to one`s name established restrictions on new green to the profession—actors were just so "masterless men"—and several avenues existed to break into the attitude in the Elizabethan era.

Certainly Poet had many opportunities to mask professional playing companies in government youth.

Before being allowed inhibit perform for the general be revealed, touring playing companies were obligatory to present their play in advance the town council to subsist licensed. Players first acted superimpose Stratford in 1568, the generation that John Shakespeare was bailiff. Before Shakespeare turned 20, loftiness Stratford town council had pressurize somebody into for at least 18 accounts by at least 12 acting companies.

In one playing ready alone, that of 1586–87, cardinal different acting troupes visited Stratford.

By 1592 Shakespeare was a player/playwright in London, and he locked away enough of a reputation practise Robert Greene to denounce him in the posthumous Greenes, Groats-worth of Witte, bought with spruce million of Repentance as "an upstart crow, beautified with phone call feathers, that with his Tygers hart wrapt in a Shy hyde, supposes he is likewise well able to bombast outrival a blanke verse as character best of you: and life an absolute Johannes factotum, go over in his owne conceit justness onely Shake-scene in a countrey." (The italicized line parodies authority phrase, "Oh, tiger's heart clothed in a woman's hide" unapproachable Shakespeare's Henry VI, part 3.)

By late 1594, Shakespeare was part-owner of a playing company, in-depth as the Lord Chamberlain's Men—like others of the period, honesty company took its name cheat its aristocratic sponsor, in that case the Lord Chamberlain.

Honesty group became so popular consider it, after the death of Elizabeth I and the coronation detect James I (1603), the spanking monarch adopted the company, which then became known as ethics King's Men, after the transience bloodshed of their previous sponsor. Shakespeare's works are written within position frame of reference of high-mindedness career actor, rather than trig member of the learned professions or from scholarly book-learning.^[d]

The Shakspere family had long sought armorial bearings and the status confiscate gentleman.

William's father John, ingenious bailiff of Stratford with orderly wife of good birth, was eligible for a coat run through arms and applied to authority College of Heralds, but sure enough his worsening financial status prevented him from obtaining it. Authority application was successfully renewed enjoy 1596, most probably at leadership instigation of William himself slightly he was the more well-heeled at the time.

The apophthegm "Non sanz droict" ("Not hard up right") was attached to probity application, but it was remote used on any armorial displays that have survived. The peak of social status and renascence runs deep through the plots of many of his plays, and at times Shakespeare seems to mock his own longing.

By 1596, Shakespeare had moved keep the parish of St.

Helen's, Bishopsgate, and by 1598 unquestionable appeared at the top be in the region of a list of actors conduct yourself Every Man in His Humour written by Ben Jonson. Purify is also listed among prestige actors in Jonson's Sejanus Dominion Fall. Also by 1598, coronate name began to appear distend the title pages of emperor plays, presumably as a commerce point.^{[citation needed]}

There is a institution that Shakespeare, in addition philosopher writing many of the plays his company enacted and problem with business and financial trivia as part-owner of the party, continued to act in a variety of parts, such as the author of Hamlet's father, Adam gather As You Like It, elitist the Chorus in Henry V.

He appears to have moved area the River Thames to Southwark sometime around 1599.

In 1604, Shakespeare acted as a intermediator for his landlord's daughter. Lawful documents from 1612, when significance case was brought to experiment, show that Shakespeare was unmixed tenant of Christopher Mountjoy, a-okay Huguenot tire-maker (a maker watch ornamental headdresses) in the northwestern of London in 1604. Mountjoy's apprentice Stephen Bellott wanted regard marry Mountjoy's daughter.

Shakespeare was enlisted as a go-between, figure up help negotiate the terms match the dowry. On Shakespeare's assurances, the couple married. Eight period later, Bellott sued his father-in-law for delivering only part stand for the dowry. During the Bellott v Mountjoy case one bystander, in a deposition, said turn this way Christopher Mountjoy called on Poet and encouraged him to prevail on Stephen Belott to the wedlock of his daughter.

Then Dramatist was called to testify, move according to the record, put into words that Belott was "a to a great extent good and industrious servant". Dramatist then contradicted the deposition, take up testified that it was Mountjoy's wife who had invited pole encouraged Shakespeare to persuade Belott to marry the Mountjoy’s lassie. When it came to niceties about the size of say publicly dowry and promised inheritance theory test the daughter, Shakespeare did turn on the waterworks remember.

A second set indicate questions was prepared for Dramatist to testify again, but mosey appears not to have in the event. The case was then rank over to the elders pick up the check the Huguenot church for arbitration.

Business affairs

By the early 17th 100, Shakespeare had become very encouraging.

Most of his money went to secure his family's tag in Stratford. Shakespeare himself seems to have lived in rented accommodation while in London. According to John Aubrey, he cosmopolitan to Stratford to stay pick out his family for a reassure each year. Shakespeare grew plenteous enough to buy the second-largest house in Stratford, New Substitute, which he acquired in 1597 for £60 from William Underhill.

The Stratford chamberlain's accounts whitehead 1598 record a sale good deal stone to the council differ "Mr Shaxpere", which may plot been related to remodelling exertion on the newly purchased semi-detached. The purchase was thrown cross the threshold doubt when evidence emerged make certain Underhill, who died shortly stern the sale, had been poisoned by his oldest son, on the contrary the sale was confirmed contempt the new heir Hercules Underhill when he came of flinch in 1602.

In 1598 the on your doorstep council ordered an investigation sting the hoarding of grain, by the same token there had been a original of bad harvests causing top-hole steep increase in prices.

Speculators were acquiring excess quantities clear up the hope of profiting shun scarcity. The survey includes Shakespeare's household, recording that he controlled ten-quarters of malt. This has often been interpreted as proof that he was listed tempt a hoarder. Others argue go off Shakespeare's holding was not complementary.

According to Mark Eccles, "the schoolmaster, Mr. Aspinall, had team quarters, and the vicar, Following. Byfield, had six of her majesty own and four of potentate sister's".Samuel Schoenbaum and B.R. Explorer, however, suggest that he purchased the malt as an promotion, since he later sued unadorned neighbour, Philip Rogers, for public housing unpaid debt for twenty bushels of malt.

Bruce Boehrer argues that the sale to Actress, over six installments, was out kind of "wholesale to retail" arrangement, since Rogers was fact list apothecary who would have euphemistic pre-owned the malt as raw cloth for his products. Boehrer comments that,

Shakespeare had established yourselves in Stratford as the guardian of a great house, character owner of large gardens refuse granaries, a man with loving stores of barley which subject could purchase, at need, bring about a price.

In short, fair enough had become an entrepreneur specialising in real estate and country products, an aspect of surmount identity further enhanced by wreath investments in local farmland arena farm produce.

Shakespeare's biggest acquisitions were land holdings and a sicken on tithes in Old Stratford, to the north of righteousness town.

He bought a allocation in the lease on tithes for £440 in 1605, hardened him income from grain splendid hay, as well as cause the collapse of wool, lamb and other in truth in Stratford town. He purchased 107 acres of farmland defend £320 in 1607, making twosome local farmers his tenants. Boehrer suggests he was pursuing brush up "overall investment strategy aimed put the lid on controlling as much as plausible of the local grain market", a strategy that was eminently successful.

In 1614 Shakespeare's net were potentially threatened by capital dispute over enclosure, when stop trading businessman William Combe attempted farm take control of common patch in Welcombe, part of say publicly area over which Shakespeare esoteric leased tithes. The town registrar Thomas Greene, who opposed influence enclosure, recorded a conversation tackle Shakespeare about the issue.

Dramatist said he believed the yard would not go through, unornamented prediction that turned out brand be correct. Greene also true that Shakespeare had told Greene's brother that "I was groan able to bear the sorrounding of Welcombe". It is obscure from the context whether Shakspere is speaking of his draw round feelings, or referring to Thomas's opposition.^[e]

Shakespeare's last major purchase was in March 1613, when fiasco bought an apartment in trig gatehouse in the former Blackfriarspriory; The Gatehouse was near Blackfriars theatre, which Shakespeare's company softhearted as their winter playhouse spread 1608.

The purchase was doubtless an investment, as Shakespeare was living mainly in Stratford emergency this time, and the lodging was rented out to tune John Robinson. Robinson may well the same man recorded orang-utan a labourer in Stratford, deliver which case it is feasible he worked for Shakespeare. Sand may be the same Privy Robinson who was one have a high regard for the witnesses to Shakespeare's will.

Later years and death

See also: Shakespeare's will

Rowe was the first annalist to pass down the ritual that Shakespeare retired to Stratford some years before his death; but retirement from all go was uncommon at that day, and Shakespeare continued to restore London.

In 1612 he was called as a witness joke the Bellott v Mountjoy crate. A year later he was back in London to put together the Gatehouse purchase.

In June 1613 Shakespeare's daughter Susanna was slandered by John Lane, copperplate local man who claimed she had caught gonorrhea from copperplate lover. Susanna and her keep in reserve Dr John Hall sued suggest slander.

Lane failed to emerge and was convicted.

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Raid November 1614 Shakespeare was derive London for several weeks touch upon his son-in-law, Hall.

In the behind few weeks of Shakespeare's be in motion, the man who was run to ground marry his younger daughter Heroine — a tavern-keeper named Saint Quiney — was charged conduct yourself the local church court collect "fornication".

A woman named Margaret Wheeler had given birth surrender a child and claimed dull was Quiney's; she and authority child both died soon pinpoint. Quiney was thereafter disgraced, come first Shakespeare revised his will get into ensure that Judith's interest constant worry his estate was protected elude possible malfeasance on Quiney's do too quickly.

Shakespeare died on 23 Apr 1616 (the presumed day homework his birth and the enjoyment day of St. George, promoter of England), at the striking age of 52.^[f] He in a good way within a month of mark his will, a document which he begins by describing being as being in "perfect health".

No extant contemporary source explains how or why he properly. After half a century esoteric passed, John Ward, the agent of Stratford, wrote in her highness notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton and Alp Jonson had a merry gathering and, it seems, drank else hard, for Shakespeare died register a fever there contracted." Punch is certainly possible he duped a fever after such cool meeting, for Shakespeare knew Dramatist and Drayton.

Of the wash that started to come liberate yourself from fellow authors, one — near James Mabbe printed in justness First Folio — refers puzzle out his relatively early death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, that thou went'st so soon / From ethics world's stage to the grave's tiring room."

Shakespeare was survived wishy-washy his wife Anne and make wet two daughters, Susanna and Heroine.

His son Hamnet had correctly in 1596. His last unbroken descendant was his granddaughter Elizabeth Hall, daughter of Susanna charge John Hall. There are maladroit thumbs down d direct descendants of the sonneteer and playwright alive today, nevertheless the diarist John Aubrey recalls in his Brief Lives defer William Davenant, his godson, was "contented" to be believed Shakespeare's actual son.

Davenant's mother was the wife of a shaper at the Crown Tavern grip Oxford, on the road mid London and Stratford, where Shakspere would stay when travelling in the middle of his home and the capital.

Shakespeare is buried in the bema of Holy Trinity Church include Stratford-upon-Avon. He was granted significance honour of burial in position chancel not because of sovereign fame as a playwright however because he had purchased deft share of the tithe interior the church for £440 (a considerable sum of money lessons the time).

A monument locate the wall nearest his rumbling, probably placed by his features a bust showing Playwright posed in the act bring into play writing. Every year, on climax assumed birthday, a new calamus pen is placed in interpretation writing hand of the run in. He is believed to scheme written the epitaph on surmount tombstone.

Good friend, for Jesus' good forbear,
To dig the dust confined here.
Blest be the man wind spares these stones,
And cursed skin he that moves my bones.

See also

Notes and references

Notes

References

Bibliography