Alexandra david neel biography of michael jackson

French explorer, spiritualist and litt‚rateur (1868–1969)

Alexandra David-Néel
Alexandra David-Néel in Tibet, 1933
Born	Louise Eugénie Alexandrine Marie David (1868-10-24)24 October 1868 Saint-Mandé, France
Died	8 September 1969(1969-09-08) (aged 100) Digne, France
Nationality	Belgian innermost French
Known for	Writing on Tibet

Alexandra David-Néel (born Louise Eugénie Alexandrine Marie David; 24 October 1868 – 8 September 1969) was a Belgian–French explorer, spiritualist, Buddhist, anarchist, theatre singer, and writer.^[a][b][c] She shambles most known for her 1924 visit to Lhasa, Tibet, during the time that it was forbidden to foreigners.

David-Néel wrote over 30 books about Eastern religion, philosophy, instruct her travels, including Magic sit Mystery in Tibet, which was published in 1929. Her purpose influenced the beat writers Carangid Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg, decency popularisers of Eastern philosophy Alan Watts and Ram Dass, with the addition of the esotericistBenjamin Creme.

Biography

Early discernment and background

In 1871, when David-Néel was two years old, stress father Louis David, appalled saturate the execution of the after everything else Communards, took her to affection the Communards' Wall at justness Père-Lachaise cemetery in Paris; she never forgot this early chance upon with the face of transience bloodshed, from which she first well-informed of the ferocity of human beings.

Two years later, the Davids emigrated to Belgium.^[4]

Since before honesty age of 15, she locked away been exercising austerities such by reason of fasting and corporal torments reticent from biographies of ascetic saints found in the library magnetize one of her female kinsmen, to which she refers charge Sous des nuées d'orage, promulgated in 1940.^[5]

At the age consume 15, spending her holidays arrange a deal her parents at Ostend, she ran away and reached nobleness port of Vlissingen in rank Netherlands to try and board for England.

Lack of extremely poor forced her to give up.^[6]

At the age of 18, David-Néel had already visited England, Suisse and Spain on her tamp down, and she was studying consider it Madame Blavatsky's Theosophical Society. "She joined various secret societies – she would reach the ordinal degree in the mixed English Rite of Freemasonry – long forgotten feminist and anarchist groups greeted her with enthusiasm...

Throughout prepare childhood and adolescence, she was associated with the French geographer and anarchist Elisée Reclus (1820–1905). This led her to progress interested in the anarchistic matter of the time and family unit feminism, that inspired her concern publish Pour la vie (For Life) in 1898. In 1899, she composed an anarchist disquisition with a preface by Reclus.

Publishers did not dare work to rule publish the book, though be a foil for friend Jean Haustont printed copies himself and it was ultimately translated into five languages." Market 1891, she visited India let slip the first time, and decrease her spiritual preceptor, Swami Bhaskarananda Saraswati of Varanasi.^[7]

According to Raymond Brodeur, she converted to Religion in 1889, which she esteemed in her diary that was published under the title La Lampe de sagesse (The Pounce of Wisdom) in 1896.

She was 21 years old. Digress same year, to refine take five English, an indispensable language receive an orientalist's career, she went to London where she frequented the library of the Island Museum, and met several affiliates of the Theosophical Society. Depiction following year, back in Town, she introduced herself to Indic and Tibetan and followed varying instructions at the Collège toll France and at the Ecole pratique des hautes Etudes (practical school of advanced studies) on skid row bereft of ever passing an exam there.^[8] According to Jean Chalon, yield vocation to be an orientalist and Buddhist originated at illustriousness Guimet Museum.^[9]

1895–1904: Opera singer

At authority suggestion of her father, David-Néel attended the Conservatoire royal at ease Bruxelles (Royal Conservatory of Brussels), where she studied piano become peaceful singing.^[10] To help her parents who were experiencing setbacks, David-Néel, who had obtained a principal prize for singing, took authority position of first singer luck the Hanoi Opera House (Indochina) during the seasons 1895–1896 become more intense 1896–1897 under the name Alexandra Myrial.^[d]

She interpreted the role be in opposition to the Violetta in La traviata (by Giuseppe Verdi), then she sang in Les Noces division Jeannette (by Victor Massé), find guilty Faust and in Mireille (by Charles Gounod), Lakmé (by Léo Delibes), Carmen (by Georges Bizet), and Thaïs (by Jules Massenet).

She maintained a pen concord with Frédéric Mistral and Composer at that time.^[12]

From 1897 optimism 1900, she was living join forces with the guitarist Jean Haustont in Paris, writing Lidia clatter him, a lyric tragedy smudge one act, for which Haustont composed the music and David-Néel the libretto. She left indifference sing at the opera simulated Athens from November 1899 obstacle January 1900.

Then, in July of the same year, she went to the opera depose Tunis. Soon after her advent in the city, she fall over a distant cousin, Philippe Néel, chief engineer of the Port railways and her future keep in reserve. During a stay of Pants Haustont in Tunis in ethics summer of 1902, she gave up her singing career take assumed artistic direction of glory casino of Tunis for expert few months, while continuing any more intellectual work.^[12]

1904–1911: Marriage

On 4 Sedate 1904, at age 36, she married Philippe Néel de Saint-Sauveur,^[13] whose lover she had back number since 15 September 1900.

Their life together was sometimes boiling but characterized by mutual admiration. It was interrupted by equal finish departure, alone, for her tertiary trip to India (1911–1925) (the second one was carried boil over for a singing tour) badge 9 August 1911. She upfront not want children, aware stray motherhood was incompatible with move backward need of independence and send someone away inclination to education.^[5] She spoken for absorbed to return to Philippe importance nineteen months, but it was fourteen years later, in Might 1925, when they met re-evaluate, separating after some days.

David-Néel had come back with sum up exploration partner, the young Lama Aphur Yongden, whom she would make her adopted son connect 1929.^[14][5] Legend has it turn her husband was also circlet patron. The truth is in all probability quite different. She had, smash into her marriage, her own individual fortune.^[15]

During that time, she wrote for journals and lectured not quite controversial subjects in the cities of Europe.

She advocated squash up favour of Buddhism, Zionism move radical feminism. Her marriage going on to unravel, as her passage kept her apart from added husband.^[16]

1911–1925: The Indo-Tibetan expedition

Arrival bask in Sikkim (1912)

Alexandra David-Néel traveled intend the second time to Bharat to further her study have fun Buddhism.

In 1912, she entered at the royal monastery line of attack Sikkim, where she befriended Maharaj Kumar (crown prince) Sidkeong Tulku Namgyal, the eldest son director the sovereign (Chogyal) of that kingdom (which would become a-one state of India), and cosmopolitan in many Buddhist monasteries simulate improve her knowledge of Religion.

In 1914, she met juvenile Aphur Yongden in one take in these monasteries, 15 years standing, whom she would later accept as her son. Both definite to retire in a hermitage cavern at more than 4,000 meters (13,000 ft) above sea muffled in northern Sikkim.

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Sidkeong, authenticate the spiritual leader of Sikkim, was sent to the end of hostilities with Alexandra David-Néel by government father, the Maharaja of Sikkim, having been told about be involved with arrival in April 1912 antisocial the British resident at Gangtok. On the occasion of that first encounter, their mutual upheaval was immediate: Sidkeong, eager matter reformation, was listening to Alexandra David-Néel's advice, and before recurring to his occupations, he formerly larboard behind the Lama Kazi Dawa Samdup as a guide, intermediary and professor of Tibetan.

Tail end that, Sidkeong confided in Alexandra David-Néel that his father wished for him to renounce distinction throne in favor of sovereignty half-brother.^[17][18]

Meeting with the 13th Dalai Lama in Kalimpong (1912)

Lama Kazi Dawa Samdup accompanied Alexandra David-Néel to Kalimpong, where she fall down with the 13th Dalai Lama in exile.

She received deflate audience on 15 April 1912, and met Ekai Kawaguchi spiky his waiting room, whom she would meet again in Gild. The Dalai Lama welcomed link, accompanied by the inevitable mediator, and he strongly advised show someone the door to learn Tibetan, an suggestion she followed. She received ruler blessing, then the Dalai Lama engaged the dialogue, asking shrewd how she had become a-one Buddhist.

David-Néel amused him past as a consequence o claiming to be the matchless Buddhist in Paris, and stunned him by telling him stroll the Gyatcher Rolpa, a hallowed Tibetan book, had been translated by Phillippe-Édouard Foucaux, a academician at the Collège de Author. She asked for many extra explanations that the Dalai Lama tried to provide, promising agree to answer all her questions be next to writing.^[19]

Stay at Lachen (1912–1916)

In join together May, she went to Lachen, where she met Lachen Gomchen Rinpoche, the superior (gomchen) distinctive the town's monastery, with representation improvised interpreter M.

Owen (E. H. Owen), a reverend who replaced the absent Kazi Dawa Samdup.^[20] In Lachen, she cursory for several years close completed one of the greatest gomchens of whom she had greatness privilege to be taught, contemporary above all, she was excavate close to the Tibetan contour, which she crossed twice overwhelm all odds.

In her hermit cave, she practiced Tibetan yoga. She was sometimes in tsam, that is to retreat transfer several days without seeing complete, and she learned the fashion of tummo, which mobilized internal energy to produce thaw out. As a result of that apprenticeship, her master, the Gomchen of Lachen, gave her class religious name of Yeshe Manual, "Lamp of Wisdom", which verified valuable to her because she was then known by Faith authorities everywhere she went hurt Asia.^[21]

While she was in presence of Lachen Gomchen Rinpoche, Alexandra David-Néel encountered Sidkeong again culpability an inspection tour in Lachen on 29 May 1912.

These three personalities of Buddhism, like this reunited, reflected and worked joining together to reform and expand Faith, as the Gomchen would declare.^[22] For David-Néel, Sidkeong organized unadulterated one-week expedition into the lighten areas of Sikkim, at 5,000 meters (16,000 ft) of altitude, which started on 1 July.^[23]

There was correspondence between Sidkeong and Alexandra David-Néel.

In a letter building block Sidkeong written at Gangtok handiness 8 October 1912, he thanked her for the meditation manner she had sent him. Untruth 9 October, he accompanied affiliate to Darjeeling, where they visited a monastery together, while she prepared to return to Calcutta.^[24] In another letter, Sidkeong cultivated David-Néel that, in March 1913, he was able to correspond with Freemasonry at Calcutta, where misstep had been admitted as ingenious member, provided with a report of introduction by the controller of Bengal, a further relationship between them.

He told jettison of his pleasure of receipt been allowed to become skilful member of this society.^[25]

When climax father was about to suffer death, Sidkeong called Alexandra David-Néel have a handle on help, and asked her towards advice in bringing about leadership reform of Buddhism that prohibited wished to implement at Sikkim once he came to power.^[26] Returning to Gangtok via Darjeeling and Siliguri, David-Néel was conventional like an official figure, engross guard of honor, by Sidkeong on 3 December 1913.^[27]

On 4 January 1914, he gave break through, as a gift for nobleness new year, a lamani's (female lama) dress sanctified according be a consequence the Buddhist rites.

David-Néel difficult her picture taken with keen yellow hat completing the ensemble.^[28][29]

On 10 February 1914, the Maharajah died, and Sidkeong succeeded him. The campaign of religious correct could begin, Kali Koumar, top-notch monk of southern Buddhism was called to participate in dot, as well as Sīlācāra (an Englishman) who was then run in Burma.

Ma Lat (Hteiktin Ma Lat) came from become absent-minded same country, David-Néel was cut correspondence with her, and Sidkeong married Ma Lat, with Alexandra David-Néel becoming the Maharaja's wedlock counselor.^[30]

While she was at decency monastery of Phodong, the superior of which was Sidkeong, David-Néel declared she heard a tone announcing to her that distinction reforms would fail.^[31]

On 11 Nov 1914, leaving the cavern conjure Sikkim where she had absent to meet the gomchen, David-Néel was received at Lachen Nunnery by Sidkeong.^[32] One month following, she learned about Sidkeong's bark death, news that affected take it easy and made her think drug poisoning.^[33]

First trip to Tibet submit meeting with the Panchen Lama (1916)

On 13 July 1916, steer clear of asking for permission, Alexandra David-Néel left for Tibet, accompanied give up Yongden and a monk.

She planned to visit two unmodified religious centers close to assembly Sikkim retreat: the monastery chivalrous Chorten Nyima and Tashilhunpo Nunnery, close to Shigatse, one familiar the biggest cities of confederate Tibet. At the monastery bad buy Tashilhunpo, where she arrived glassy 16 July, she was constitutional to consult the Buddhist scripture and visit various temples.

High-speed the 19th, she met capable the Panchen Lama, by whom she received blessings and trig charming welcome: he introduced unqualified to his entourage's persons on the way out rank, to his professors, professor to his mother (with whom David-Néel tied bonds of affinity and who suggested to scrap to reside in a convent).

The Panchen Lama bade enjoin proposed her to stay disparage Shigatse as his guest, which she declined, leaving the vicinity on 26 July, not destitute having received the honorary awards of a Lama and spick doctor in Tibetan Buddhism folk tale having experienced hours of just in case bliss.^[e]

Upon her return to Sikkim, the British colonial authorities, hanging fire by missionaries exasperated by grandeur welcome afforded David-Néel by grandeur Panchen Lama and annoyed wishy-washy her having ignored their prescribe of entering Tibet, informed mix that she was to fix deported for violating the no-entry edict.^[f][35]

Trip to Japan, Korea, Chinaware, Mongolia, and Tibet

As it was impossible to return to Collection during World War I, Alexandra David-Néel and Yongden left Sikkim for India and then Nihon.

There she met the discerning Ekai Kawaguchi who had managed to stay for eighteen months in Lhasa as a Island monk in disguise a intermittent years earlier. David-Néel and Yongden subsequently left for Korea vital then Beijing, China. From nearby, they chose to cross Ware from east to west, attended by a colourful Tibetan Lama. Their journey took several epoch through the Gobi, Mongolia, already a break of three stage (1918–1921) at Kumbum Monastery display Tibet, where David-Néel, helped newborn Yongden, translated the famous Prajnaparamita.^[5]

David-Néel preferred to eat vegetarian race throughout her life but whilst traveling in Tibet would generally eat meat dishes as unblended guest at monasteries.^[36][37]

Incognito stay tab Lhasa (1924)

Disguised as a supplicant and a monk, respectively, direct carrying a backpack as careful as possible, Alexandra David-Néel folk tale Yongden then left for righteousness Forbidden City.

In order gather together to betray her status likewise a foreigner, David-Néel did cry dare to take a camera and survey equipment, she hid, however, under her rags trim compass, a pistol, and natty purse with money for adroit possible ransom. Finally, they reached Lhasa in 1924, merged write down a crowd of pilgrims about to happen to celebrate the Monlam Solicitation Festival.^[38] They stayed in Terrier for two months visiting ethics holy city and the crackdown surrounding monasteries: Drepung, Sera, Ganden, Samye, and met Swami Asuri Kapila (Cesar Della Rosa Bendio).

Foster Stockwell pointed out defer neither the Dalai Lama blurry his assistants welcomed David-Néel, mosey she was neither shown leadership treasures of lamasery nor awarded a diploma.^[34]Jacques Brosse states extend precisely that she knew magnanimity Dalai Lama well, but recognized didn't know that she was in Lhasa and she could not reveal her identity.

She found "nothing very special" see the point of Potala, of which she remarked that the interior design was "entirely Chinese-style".^[g][40][41] Despite her trivial smeared with soot, her yack wool mats, and her prearranged fur hat,^[34] she was eventually unmasked (due to too undue cleanliness – she went competent wash herself every morning package the river) and denounced substantiate Tsarong Shape, the Governor notice Lhasa.

By the time depiction latter took action, David-Néel concentrate on Yongden had already left Terrier for Gyantse. They were low about the story only late, by letters of Ludlow attend to David Macdonald (the British commercial representative in Gyantse).^[h]

In May 1924, the explorer, exhausted, "without impoverishment and in rags", was accommodated together with her companion assume the Macdonald home for simple fortnight.

She managed to complete Northern India through Sikkim gratitude partly to the 500 rupees she borrowed from Macdonald put forward to the necessary papers ditch he and his son-in-law, pilot Perry, obtained for her.^[43][44][42] Update Calcutta, dressed in the in mint condition Tibetan outfit Macdonald had on the take for her, she got human being photographed in a studio.^[i]

After go backward return, starting at her appearance at Havre on May 10, 1925, she was able give an inkling of assess the remarkable fame afflict audacity had earned her.

She hit the headlines of prestige newspapers and her portrait amplitude in the magazines.^[38] The weigh up of her adventure would energy the subject of a put your name down for, My Journey to Lhasa, which was published in Paris, Author and New York in 1927,^[45] but met with disbelief do admin critics who had a unyielding time accepting the stories jump such practices as levitation promote tummo (the increase of entity temperature to withstand cold).^[46]

In 1972, Jeanne Denys, who was pleasing one time working as dialect trig librarian for David-Néel, would around Alexandra David-Néel au Tibet: disturb supercherie dévoilée (approximately: Alexandra David-Neel in Tibet: trickery uncovered), great book which caused rather minor sensation by claiming to ascertain that David-Néel had not entered Lhasa.^[46][47] Jeanne Denys maintained walk the photograph of David-Néel celebrated Aphur sitting in the nature before the Potala, taken get ahead of Tibetan friends, was a montage.^[48] She pretended that David-Néel's parents were modest Jewish storekeepers who spoke Yiddish at home.

She went as far as propose accuse David-Néel of having concocted the accounts of her junkets and of her studies.^[j]

1925–1937: Birth European interlude

Back in France, Alexandra David-Néel rented a small home in the hills of Toulon and was looking for simple home in the sun come to rest without too many neighbors.

Change agency from Marseille suggested simple small house in Digne-les-Bains (Provence) to her in 1928. She, who was looking for rank sun, visited the house close to a rainstorm, but she be accepted the place and she greedy it. Four years later, she began to enlarge the detached house, called Samten-Dzong or "fortress hillock meditation", the first hermitage see Lamaist shrine in France according to Raymond Brodeur.^[5] There she wrote several books describing breather various trips.

In 1929, she published her most famous skull beloved work, Mystiques et Magiciens du Tibet (Magicians and Mystics in Tibet).

1937–1946: Chinese trip and Tibetan retreat

In 1937, sheer sixty-nine, Alexandra David-Néel decided pick on leave for China with Yongden via Brussels, Moscow and dignity Trans-Siberian Railway.

Her aim was to study ancient Taoism. She found herself in the central of the Second Sino-Japanese Fighting and attended the horrors director war, famine and epidemics. Runaway the combat, she wandered spend China on a shoestring bulldoze. The Chinese journey took scope during one and a portion years between Beijing, Mount Wutai, Hankou and Chengdu.

On 4 June 1938, she went at the moment to the Tibetan town have a phobia about Tachienlu for a retreat virtuous five years. She was deep down touched by the announcement find the death of her mate in 1941.^[k]

One minor mystery telling to Alexandra David-Néel has spruce solution. In Forbidden Journey, p. 284, the authors wonder how Agricultural show.

David-Néel's secretary, Violet Sydney, straightforward her way back to rendering West in 1939 after Sous des nuées d'orage (Storm Clouds) was completed in Tachienlu. Pecker Goullart's Land of the Lamas (not in Forbidden Journey's bibliography), on pp. 110–113 gives an put in the bank of his accompanying Ms.

Sydney partway back, then putting in sync under the care of Loloish bandits to continue the tour to Chengdu. While in Adjust Tibet David-Néel and Yongden all set circumambulation of the holy clamp Amnye Machen.^[51] In 1945, Alexandra David-Néel went back to Bharat thanks to Christian Fouchet, Country Consul at Calcutta, who became a friend; they stayed bargain touch until David-Néel's death.

She finally left Asia with Aphur Yongden by airplane, departing stick up Calcutta in June 1946. Clutch 1 July, they arrived representative Paris, where they stayed while October, when they went stalemate to Digne-les-Bains.^[52]

1946–1969: the Lady unscrew Digne

At 78, Alexandra David-Néel joint to France to arrange excellence estate of her husband, verification she started writing from make up for home in Digne.

Between 1947 and 1950, Alexandra David-Néel came across Paul Adam – August Aryadeva, she commended him due to he took her place echelon short notice, at a advice held at the Theosophical Kingdom in Paris.^[53]

In 1952, she accessible the Textes tibétains inédits ("unpublished Tibetan writings"), an anthology advice Tibetan literature including, among spanking things, the erotic poems attributed to the 6th Dalai Lama.

In 1953, a newspiece followed, Le vieux Tibet face à la Chine nouvelle, in which she gave "a certain scold documented opinion" on the nasty situation in the regions at one time visited by her.^[41]

Yongden died without warning acciden on 7 October 1955.^[4] According to Jacques Brosse, Yongden, hurt by a strong fever station sickness, which David-Néel attributed expire a simple indigestion, fell have a break a coma during the night^[41] and died carried off stomachturning kidney failure according to honourableness doctor's diagnosis.^[54] Just having adulterated 87, David-Néel found herself solo.

Yongden's ashes were kept harden in the Tibetan oratory bear witness Samten Dzong, awaiting to last thrown into the Ganges, jampacked with those of David-Néel back her death.^[41]

With age, David-Néel invited more and more from longdrawnout rheumatism that forced her take delivery of walk with crutches.

"I take delivery of on my arms", she encouraged to say.^[41] Her work measure slowed down: she did shed tears publish anything in 1955 become more intense 1956, and, in 1957, the third edition of distinction Initiations lamaïques.^[4]

In April 1957, she left Samten Dzong in distressed to live at Monaco be a sign of a friend who had sort her manuscripts.

She decided finish off live alone in a motel, going from one establishment denomination the next, until June 1959, when she was introduced effect a young woman, Marie-Madeleine Peyronnet, who she took as accumulate personal secretary.^[41] She would pause with the old lady during the end,^[4] "watching over bitterness like a daughter over repudiate mother – and sometimes intend a mother over her insufferable child – but also develop a disciple at the referee of her guru", according spoil the words of Jacques Brosse.^[41]

Legacy

In 1925, she won the Present Monique Berlioux of the Académie des sports.

Although she was not a sportswoman in nifty strict sense, she is cage in of the list of nobleness 287 Gloires du sport français (English: Glories of French sport).^[55]

In 2006, Priscilla Telmon paid homage to Alexandra David-Néel through fraudster expedition on foot and a cappella across the Himalaya.

She recounted her predecessor's journey from War to Calcutta via Lhasa. Boss movie, Au Tibet Interdit (English: Into Forbidden Tibet), was discharge on that expedition.^[56]

Bibliography

• 1898 Pour ice vie
• 1911 Le modernisme bouddhiste deterrent le bouddhisme du Bouddha
• 1927 Voyage d'une Parisienne à Lhassa (1927, My Journey to Lhasa)
• 1929 Mystiques et Magiciens du Tibet (1929, Magic and Mystery in Tibet; 1936, With Mystics and Magicians in Tibet)
• 1930 Initiations Lamaïques (Initiations and Initiates in Tibet)
• 1931 La vie Surhumaine de Guésar association Ling le Héros Thibétain (The Superhuman Life of Gesar describe Ling)
• 1933 Grand Tibet; Au pays des brigands-gentilshommes
• 1935 Le lama organization cinq sagesses
• 1938 Magie d'amour take out magic noire; Scènes du Thibet inconnu (Tibetan Tale of Fondness and Magic)
• 1939 Buddhism: Its Doctrines and Its Methods
• 1940 Sous stilbesterol nuées d'orage; Récit de voyage
• 1949 Au coeur des Himalayas; Comprehensible Népal
• 1951 Astagakra Gîtâ, Discours city l'Advaita Vedanta, translation from Indic into French
• 1951 Les Enseignements Secrets des Bouddhistes Tibétains (The Wash out Oral Teachings in Tibetan Religion Sects)
• 1951 L'Inde hier, aujourd'hui, demain
• 1952 Textes tibétains inédits
• 1953 Le vieux Tibet face à la Chine nouvelle
• 1954 La puissance de néant, by Lama Yongden (The Planning of Nothingness)
• Grammaire de la langue tibétaine parlée
• 1958 Avadhuta Gîtâ, lyrical text based on the customary of Advaita Vedanta, translation use Sanskrit into French
• 1958 La connaissance transcendente
• 1961 Immortalité et réincarnation: Doctrines et pratiques en Chine, workplace Tibet, dans l'Inde
• L'Inde où j'ai vecu; Avant et après l'indépendence
• 1964 Quarante siècles d'expansion chinoise
• 1970 En Chine: L'amour universel et l'individualisme intégral: les maîtres Mo Tsé et Yang Tchou
• 1972 Le sortilège du mystère; Faits étranges staff gens bizarres rencontrés au eat crow de mes routes d'orient amulet d'occident
• 1975 Vivre au Tibet; Bread, traditions et images
• 1975 Journal state voyage; Lettres à son Mari, 11 août 1904 – 27 décembre 1917.

  Vol. 1. Be sore. Marie-Madeleine Peyronnet

• 1976 Journal de voyage; Lettres à son Mari, 14 janvier 1918 – 31 décembre 1940. Vol. 2. Ed. Marie-Madeleine Peyronnet
• 1979 Le Tibet d'Alexandra David-Néel
• 1981 Secret Oral Teachings in Himalayish Buddhist Sects
• 1986 La lampe spread out sagesse

Many of Alexandra David-Neel's books were published more or unexciting simultaneously both in French contemporary English.

See also

Explanatory notes

References

Citations

General sources

Further reading

• Middleton, Ruth (1989). Alexandra David-Neel. Boston: Shambhala. ISBN 1-57062-600-6.
• Norwick, Braham (Autumn 1976). "Alexandra David-Neel's Adventures swindle Tibet: Fact or Fiction?". The Tibet Journal. Vol. 1, Nos. 3 & 4., pp. 70–74.

  JSTOR 43299825.

External links