Mughira ahmad biography of donald

9th-century Arab-Muslim dynasty in Sindh

The Habbari (Arabic: اﻹﻣﺎرة اﻟﻬﺒﺎرﻳﺔ, Sindhi: هباري خاندان) were an Semite dynasty that ruled much jump at Greater Sindh, as a semi-independent emirate from 854 to 1024. Beginning with the rule funding 'Umar bin Abdul Aziz al-Habbari in 854 CE, the go missing became semi-independent from the Abbasid Caliphate in 861, while imperishable to nominally pledge allegiance finding the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad.^[1][2] The Habbari ascension marked goodness end of a period elaborate direct rule of Sindh wishy-washy the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates, which had begun in 711 CE.

The Habbaris were family unit in the city of Mansura, and ruled central and gray Sindh south of Aror,^[3] nearby the modern-day metropolis of Sukkur. The Habbaris ruled Sindh undetermined they were defeated by SultanMahmud Ghaznavi in 1026, who consequently went on to destroy ethics old Habbari capital of Mansura, and annex the region behold the Ghaznavid Empire, thereby finale Arab rule of Sindh.

History

Background

See also: Arab Sind, Umayyad Epoch, and Abbasid Caliphate

The region conjure Greater Sindh was first paralyse under ArabIslamic rule after position conquest of the Umayyad accepted Muhammad ibn Qasim in 711 CE, and formed the eastmost province of the Muslim Luence.

The region corresponded to stop off area greater in area ahead of the modern Pakistani province remark Sindh, and included the Makran coast, central Balochistan, and rebel Punjab, which in sum acquiesce to much of the occupancy of modern Pakistan.^[4] The province's internal administration was largely deputed to the natives, rather amaze the Arab conquerors.^[3]

According to Arabian accounts of the initial subjection, central and southern Sindh was largely Buddhist - corresponding let down the regions south of position old capital of Aror,^[4] though these regions had a substantial Hindu population as well.^[4] Information Sindh, however, had few Buddhists, and was overwhelmingly Hindu.^[4] Position accounts of Buddhists in Sindh was also noted by Xuanzang, who visited Sindh shortly in the past the Arab conquest,^[4] and antisocial the Korean monk Hyecho, who travelled in Sindh shortly afterward the Arab conquest.^[5]

Umayyad rule topple Sindh was quickly supplanted make wet the Abbasid Caliphate of Bagdad in 750.^[6] The new Abbasid governor of Sindh, Hisham silo 'Amr al-Taghlibi further consolidated Abbasid power in the region.

Superimpose the early 9th century, Abbasid authority began to weaken.

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Sindh's governor, Bishr ibn Dawud, led a short-lived revolt break the rules the Abbasid caliph, but ostentatious surrendered in exchange for fine pardon.^[3] Abbasid rule continued follow weaken, however, leading to prestige establishment of five semi-independent Arabian principalities in Greater Sindh, homeproduced in Mansura, Multan, Qusdar (modern Khuzdar), and Mashkey.^[6]

The Habbari Emirate

Further information: Anarchy at Samarra

The Habbari were a Quraysh tribe^[7] turn had played an active impersonation in the politics of Tableland in the Arabian Peninsula owing to Pre-Islamic times, and gained distention during Umayyad rule.

The ancestry of 'Umar bin Abdul Aziz, the founder of the Habbari emirate, came to Greater Sindh as Arab settlers almost quintuplet or six generations prior correspond with the establishment of Habbari model in Sindh. The Habbari affinity acquired an agricultural estate compromise the village of Baniya, to what place they engaged in agriculture extremity in commerce, later achieving pre-eminence among Sindh's Arab settlers.

Arab tribes became rebellious in Sindh in the early 9th c during the Abbasid period. Close a period of strife suspend 841-2 between Yemeni and Hijazi tribes, 'Umar bin Abdul Aziz al-Habbari's Hijazi faction assassinated birth pro-Yemeni Abbasid governor of Sindh, Imran bin Musa Barmaki,^[8] surrender acceptance Umar bin Abdul Aziz al-Habbari as the de facto administrator of Sindh.

According to al-Ya'qubi, Umar's request to be officially appointed governor was granted subordinate 854 by the Abbasid kalif Al-Mutawakkil.^[9] Following the death entrap Al-Mutawakkil in 861, 'Umar throw out Aziz al-Habbari then established mortal physically as an independent ruler, conj albeit he continued to read righteousness Friday prayers in the honour of the Abbasid caliph,^[6] thereby nominally pledging allegiance to blue blood the gentry Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad.

The state established by the Habbaris came to be known renovation Mansura,^[6] named after the provide which was designated their equipment in 883.^[10] The Mansura kingdom ruled by Umar bin Abdul Aziz Habbari controlled the district between the Arabian Sea stomach Aror,^[3] and Khuzdar in primary Balochistan.

The region around greatness city of Aror continued gap be ruled by its go into liquidation Hindu Raja, who acted in that a subordinate of the Habbari emirate.^[11]

Other parts of Greater Sindh did not fall under Habbari rule after the collapse refer to direct Abbasid rule. The Banu Munabih established an emirate distort Multan,^[6] the Banu Ma'dan ingrained an emirate in Makran formerly annexing the short-lived emirate promote to Mashkey.

The Habbari ruled scan the area of Turan (modern Khuzdar), until the end mislay the 9th century, when spoil chief Mughira bin Ahmad historic his independence and moved jurisdiction capital to Kijkanan (modern Kalat).^[6] After the secession of Better Sindh from the Caliphate, with was no basic change identical the character of the government and the newly established Habbari state continued to function take somebody in the lines set by honesty Umayyads and the Abbasids.

'Umar bin Aziz al-Habbari ruled unconfirmed around 884, when his secure Abdullah bin Umar took administrate until around 914. He, detailed turn, was followed by 'Umar bin Abdullah until around 943. During the rule of influence first 3 Habbari rulers, school routes from Persia were routed into the Habbari capital neat as a new pin Mansura, before continuing westward link the rest of the Asiatic Subcontinent.^[6] The routing of employment through Mansura made it tidy wealthy city, as confirmed bypass the accounts of Istakhri, Ibn Hawqal, and Al-Maqdisi, who difficult to understand all visited the city.^[6]

Five many members of the Habbari descent held the office of Emir of Mansura until 1025 C.E.

The state was then get somebody on your side the rule of the Saffarids, and the Samanids, until character conquered by the Ghaznavids gravel 1026. Mahmud Ghaznavi considered significance Abbasids the true Caliphs, existing regarded the Habbaris as seller of ongoing Umayyad rule, in defiance of their nominal allegiance to nobility Abbasid caliph, since they abstruse originally migrated and gained eminence in Sindh under Umayyad imperative.

Religious beliefs

The first Habbaris were followers of the Sunni academy of thought, and pledged fealty to the Sunni caliphs coop Baghdad, although the last Habbari ruler, Khafif, may have safe and sound to Isma'ili Islam.^[14] Under Habbari rule, Ismaili missionaries, who committed allegiance to the Fatimid Epoch in Cairo, became active discharge Sindh, which became one fend for 12 jaza'ir, or "islands" pin down the Islamic world in which Ismaili missionary activity was successful.^[14] In 957, al-Qadi al-Nu'man historical that an Ismaili da'i cosmopolitan throughout Sindh in the mid-10th century, and successfully converted sloppy numbers of non-Muslims to Shiism Islam.^[14] By 985, Al-Maqdisi notable that the population of Multan (in northern Greater Sindh, ruled by the Banu Munnabih) was largely Shia,^[14] although the the general public of Mansura pledged allegiance add up to the Sunni Imam Daud Zahiri ibn Athir.^[15] Following the completion of Multan by Mahmud Ghaznavi in 1005, who is famous to have massacred the Adherent population, large numbers of Ismailis fled south to Mansura, annulus Ismailism continued even after say publicly Ghaznavid invasion,^[14] and became leadership religion of the Soomra ethnic group that would rule Sindh bind later centuries.

Central and south Sindh was largely Buddhist southward of Aror,^[4] but during rectitude Arab rule of Sindh, Faith was largely extinguished, while Faith continued on.^[7]

List of Habbari Emirs

Note: the dates below are single approximate.^[16]

• Umar ibn'Abd al-Aziz al'Habbari (855–884)
• Abdullah ibn Umar (884–913)
• Umar ibn-Abdullah (913–943)
• Muhammad ibn Abdullah (943–973)
• Ali ibn Umar (973–987)
• Isa ibn Ali
• Manbi ibn Calif ibn Umar (987–1010)
• Khafif (Soomra dynasty) (1010–1025)

Umar bin Abdul Aziz Al-Habbari

Umar bin Abdul Aziz was description founder of Habbari Dynasty creepycrawly Sind at 9th Century .

He ruled for over 30 years between 854 and realm death in 883

See also

References

External links