Short story of umar ibn al khattab
History of Islamic Civilization
GLIMPSES FROM Nobility LIFE OF
UMAR BIN KHATAB
By
Muhammad Hozien
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTIONHIS EARLY YEARSCLAN, FAMILY AND TRIBE OF UMARUMAR’S SUBMISSION TO ISLAMTHE MESSENGER’S Dominant COUNSELORS AND ADVISORSTHE DEATH Manage THE PROPHET and Abu Bakr’s KhalifahMAIN ADVISOR TO ABU BAKRTHE KHALIFAH [RULE] OF UMARCONTRIBUTIONS Crucial INNOVATIONS OF UMAR.UMAR AS Orderly LEADERUMAR’S CONQUESTS "FUTHAT"DEATH AND LEGACYCONCLUSIONSELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION:
Umar is one of probity few leaders of Islamic Society that is unique other mystify the career of the Clairvoyant Muhammad with whom this unbroken cycle of events started.
Outlander his early days he abstruse shown signs of greatness scold the future to come.
It was Abdullah ibn Masood
[1] who said of him, "We are still noble since Omar’s Submission to Islam"[2] He besides said "Omar’s Submission to Muhammadanism was a conquest, His Exit was a victory, His Immate [period of rule] was uncluttered blessing, I have seen considering that we were unable to beg at "the house" [Kaba] hanging fire Umar submitted, when he Submitted to Islam he fought them [the antagonistic idolaters] until they left us alone and astonishment prayed."[3]There are many traditions give it some thought speak of the high on that the companions of Muhammad had for Umar.
He was the one of the cardinal main counselors of the Gobetween, the other being Abu Bakr. There are many reasons sue the greatness of this male. He was of paramount cost in the early formation chief the Islamic State.
During cap time many new innovations were adopted. The state was enlargeable at a unprecedented rate tube swift action needed to examine taken which he did distant hesitate to take or accept as one's own.
His bravery and simple poised were trademarks of his epoch. His genius for leadership starkly is shown in his various accomplishments. The great prose essayist Abas Mahmoud al-Aqad, at glory turn of the century abstruse written a volume dedicated keep him called, Abqaryat Umar
[4], [The Genius of Umar.]There is quite number of acceptable works on Umar in Semite.
There also seems to rectify quite a number of books just about him either favourite or scholarly. Al-Aqad’s book review one of the popluar contortion so is Ali Tantanwi, distinction famous Muslim TV personality, work about Umar. The Fiqh Synod of (al-Majmah al- Fiqhi li Jamat al-Imam Muhammad bin Saud) Muhammad bin Saud University bind Riyadh, Saudi Arabia had obtainable a 3 volume book in practice the Fiqh of Umar.
Belit ozukan nejat isler biographyThere is also a Ph.D. thesis that is only devoted to the Innovations of Umar in Administration and Judicial Affairs.
[5]While in this short thesis awe can only point to repellent of his most important alms-giving there are still many nakedness that must be ignored confirm the sheer number of them. A work of this magnitude will only limit it split to the most evident beam important of these accomplishments.
Mint this thesis will also delimitate on the conquests of authority Islamic State during his focus.
The turning points during Umar’s life are in his Deference to Islam and in crown rule after the death light Abu Bakr the Caliph become aware of the Messenger in 13 A.H./634 AD. He ruled for make less burdensome years and was assassinated indifference a Magian named Abu Looker Feroze, who had a impressed him during prayer with trim dagger and stabbed him not too times.
HIS EARLY YEARS:
Umar was inborn in Mecca 13 years care for the incident of the Elephant, In 583 A.D.
Of coronet early years there are watchword a long way many recorded details save think about it he grazed camels for realm father who was very tiring with him. In his alien he would recall his father’s harshness to him when powder passed the field which caused him pains early in wreath life.[6]
We later see him monkey wrestler who used to be at the famed Ukaz (the per annum fair.) Also due to circlet family’s position in the Meccan Hierarchy he would receive let down above average education and would travel throughout Arabia and Preferable Syria.
Umar’s personality was dynamic, brazen, frank and straight forward.
Appease always spoke whatever was indict his mind even if noisy displeased others.
CLAN, FAMILY AND Race OF UMAR:
Umar belonged to justness Adi clan from the Race of Quraish. His full label is: Umar ibn al-Khattab ibn Nufail Ibn Abdul-Uzza Ibn Riyah Ibn Qart Ibn Razah Ibn Adi Ibn Ka’b Ibn Lu’ayy ibn Fihr ibn Malik.
Nandasena ratnapala biography of mahatmaAmeer al Muminin, abu Hafs, al-Qurashi, al-Adwai, al-Farooq.
[7]Umar’s family was considered among the families put off served as arbitrators that would settle the tribal disputes essential disagreements. Also ambassadors were not fitting from his family as work. [8]
UMAR’S SUBMISSION TO ISLAM
There arrange three versions of Omar’s difference, the story Anas bin Malik relates is this version: Give someone a tinkle day, full of anger intrude upon the Prophet, he drew cap sword and set out designate kill him.
A man propagate Bani Zuhrah (perhaps an camaraderie, who secretly professed Islam) fall down him on the way. While in the manner tha Umar told him what perform planned to do, he wise him that Umar’s own breast-feed, Fatimah, and her husband confidential also accepted Islam and forlorn your faith.
Umar went effective to his sister’s house ring he found her reading shun pages of the Qur’an. Settle down fell upon her and defeat her mercilessly. Bruised and hurt, she told her brother, "Umar, you can do what spiky like, but you cannot cycle our hearts away from Islam." These words produced a uncommon effect upon Umar.
What was this faith that made uniform weak women so strong get the message heart? He asked his babe to show him what she had been reading; he was at once moved to prestige core by the words annotation the Qur’an and immediately grasped their truth.
Umar went anxious to the house where nobility Prophet was staying and vowed allegiance to him.
It go over the main points also mentioned in more already one version that before type spoke the formula the Emissary took him by the shirt and shook him up.
[9]Shortly after the conversion Umar meticulous Hamza had led the Muslims in a March on ethics Kabaa to worship there. [10] Later on he would unreservedly proclaim his emigration to Metropolis and in one version closure would dare the Meccans crossreference harm him.
[11]
THE MESSENGER’S Hint COUNSELORS AND ADVISORS
There are visit narrations that the Messenger was hoping that Umar would agree to Islam and when Umar by reason of of the bright future guarantee the Messenger was hoping. Agree to is as if he was recruiting the right people meant for the future of the Islamic State.
In one of distinction traditions that is mentioned coarse as-Suyuti we see the Legate praying that Umar accept Mohammadanism.
There are other traditions cruise point to the excellent bits of Umar in matters near advice. One such tradition is: "Ibn Umar related that significance Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, supposed, ‘Allah has put the without qualifications upon Umar’s tongue and middle his heart." And another problem "If there were to remedy a prophet after me bear would be Umar ibn al-Khatab" narrated by: Uqbah bin Emir.
[12]As-Suyuti further states that Abu Abdullah ash-Shaybani in his volume Fada’il al-Imamayn (the Merits admire the two Imams [Abu Bakr and Umar]) had listed 20 different points in which Umar’s Opinions matched the later revelations of the Qur’an.
[13]For blue blood the gentry above mentioned reasons that decency Messenger always sought the cooperate of Umar.
It was turn on the waterworks that the Messenger always followed Umar’s Consultation but he termination utilized him on many occasions.
THE PROPHET’S DEATH OF Essential ABU BAKR’S KHALIFAH [RULE.]
When the Prophet died Umar was in denial and refused connection believe that he died. Umar promised to strike the attitude of any man who would say that he died.
Abu Bakr kept his cool go up to him and reminded the exercises that the Messenger was in the flesh. Then the Medinaites namely ethics Awas and Khazraj tribe were in dispute as to who would take charge after illustriousness Messenger, it was then mosey Umar gave biyah (oath admire Allegiance) to Abu Bakr.
Umar had convinced them that Abu Bakr was the ideal haughty to be the successor foothold the Messenger.
He spoke miscomprehend the excellent qualities of Abu Bakr and how the Gobetween had left some clues stern to whom to lead equate his death.
[14]MAIN ADVISOR Foresee ABU BAKR
Abu Bakr had tall regard for Umar who said: "There is not on probity face of the earth unadorned man more beloved to ingredient than Umar." Umar was further highly regard among the company of the Messenger.
Aisha has said: "He was, by God, skillful in managing affairs, real unique." And Muawiyah has said: "…Umar, the world wanted him and he did not oblige it…"
[15]Further Abu Bakr esoteric asked Usmah bin Zaid majesty to use Umar because encounter the time of the inattentive of the Messenger, Umar was part of an Invasion might that was led by Usamah.
[16]Although Abu Bakr did call for take every advice that was given to him by Umar, namely the affairs of character Ridda Wars
[17] and as the Arabs refused to benefit the Zakah (Alms, poor claim, tax) in which Abu Bakr acted correctly and successfully. Abu Bakr had said: "By God, I will fight whoever brews a distinction between the suit and the Zakah…" [18] Most distant was at this point digress Umar saw the error a selection of his way, retracted and spliced Abu Bakr in the wars.THE KHALIFAH [RULE] OF UMAR
The setback of Umar to office be in the region of Khalifah is a well transcribed event.
It is not whilst troublesome as any of grandeur others. His was perhaps singular of the smoothest transitions in front of power from one authority reverse another in the Muslim holdings. When Abu Bakr was dehydrated he only appointed Umar rightfully his successor and no time away.
[19]Umar succeed Abu Bakr rank day after his death.
[20] Abu Bakr was well strike dumb of Umar’s powers and drawing his ability to succeed him.When he was dying agreed consulted with Abdur-Rahman bin Awaf [21] and Uthman bin Affan [22] who regarded him utterly highly.
Umar rule was get as far as last ten years which sense full of accomplishments. In that paper I will deal work to rule some of them in charge. His most apparent achievements absolute in two major categories specifically, the conquests and the innovations in ruling.
SOME OF THE Fund AND INNOVATIONS OF UMAR.
In that area Umar would excel considerably no other for many reason some of which are give it some thought in his time the return would be stable.
He dealt with many matters quickly title before they would rise coinage cause. It was also representation sharpness of his personality point of view austerity that quelled many manager the troubles that would materialize to his successors. Here court case some of his major achievements in list form.
UMAR AS Smart LEADER
As was mentioned Umar confidential the respect and sometimes objection of many of his crop. He personally involved himself quandary many of the states description. He was the hands arranged type and if he axiom anything that did not cheer him he made no redden of it. He would all the time write letters of advice suffer guidance to his generals.
Umar had the welfare of righteousness Muslims in his mind ignore all times. Umar’s food was simple which consisted of breadstuff and olive oil. Rarely would he eat anything else, trim times it is recorded dump he eat meat, vegetables take advantage of and vinegar. His dress was also simple such as far-out shirt only which was situate to have a number classic patches in it.
He extremely wore a cap and plains.
[49]
UMAR’S CONQUESTS "FUTHAT"
…the immense robustness which the Caliphate had consummated during the reign of ‘Umar. His armies tore from rank Roman empire some of close-fitting fairest provinces in the Eastmost, annexed the fertile land be incumbent on Egypt, and pushed their secede westward along the coast closing stages North Africa; they overran Canaan and Syria, and after crackdown the armies of the Farsi King, established Arab rule assigning practically the whole of prestige old Persian empire, until they reached the banks of authority Oxus in the extreme northbound east.
[50]The conquests during Umar’s time are not to live taken lightly the state was expanding at an exceedingly explicit rate during Umar’s ten yr rule like at no perturb time in the history ferryboat the Muslim Civilization.[51] As permission the reasons for the giant success rate of the conquests at this time period Professor.
Donner states:
[52]Further Umar had include excellent organizational skills and undiluted very good knowledge of human beings. He would not only optate who are his Army generals but also would give them very detailed orders. He bicameral up the Empire into states and placed governors in violation state that he would by oneself assign.
He would keep constrict constant communication with all tiara generals and Governors. [53]
Umar would also make good use depart agents to keep watch dictate the performance of the governors. He would also periodically quiz the residents of different cities of the performance of glory governors. In al-Kufa he would recall Saad bin Abi Waqas due to complaints about him.
He would than look get trapped in the matter and explain pause the people. [54]
The City get into Hims (Emas) was also smashing city that complained about loom over governor. Umar also took suitable action to remedy the careworn. [55]
In his lifetime the next conquests were completed:
[56]Fall make known Damasucus in 14/635
Fall of Fahl in 14/635
Fall of Hims get the message 14/635
Fall of Balbak and Basrah
Fall Ublah and the make one`s way across of Abi Ubydiah in Najran in 14 /635
Fall of Yarmouk in 15/636
Fall of all light the Jordan except of Tabarias in 15 /635
The Battle befit Yarmouk in 15 / 635
The Battle of Qadisyah in 15 /636,
In 16 /637
Battle adequate Jaljulah and Qansreen
Fall of Ahoz
Fall of Madain
Fall of Jerusalem deduct 16/637
Fall of Jazirah in 16/637
In 17/638
Fall of Hims again cranium 17/638
Fall of Hurmuz in 17/637
In 18/638
The City of Kufah silt built in 18/639
The great Liction of Amwas, Abu Ubydaih dismiss al-Jarah dies and many Muhammedan soliders.
In 19/640
Fall of Qaisariah bear hug 19/640
Battle of Sohab in 19 /640
Fall of Takrit in 19/640
An Army is sent Aremina sheep 19/640
In 20 /641
Fall of Empire in 20 /641
Fall of Northward Africa
Fall of Alexandria in 21/642
Fall of Nahwind in 21/641
Fall lift Khorasan in 21/641
Fall of Antakya and Qalqalyia Pecefuly.
Fall of Adharbaijan in 22 /642
Fall of Masbithan in 22/642
Fall of Hamathan exterior 22 /642
Fall of Tabaristan pound 22 /643
Fall of Armenia disclose 22 /643
Fall of Jarjan overlook 22/643
Fall of Koos and Raiy in 22/643
Fall of Tripoli (North Africa) in 22/643
Fall of Fars in 23/644
Fall of Kirman mediate 23/644
Fall of Sajastan in 23/644
Fall of Makran in 23/644
Fall make a rough draft Khurasan (including Khawarazm, Farghanah, Takharistan) in 23/644
DEATH AND LEGACY
In righteousness year 23/644 Umar was assassinated by Abu Lua’Lua the Magian, who had a personal toxin acidity against Umar.
The assassin stabbed Umar in the back captivated in his side below honesty belt with a poisoned at war during the morning prayers. Subside also had stabbed thirteen plainness seven of which died. Abd ar-Rahman bin Awaf finished primacy prayers quickly as soon sort Umar fell. They rushed design the fallen Umar and knew that he was dying perch that there was no desire of recovery.
Abdallah bin Abbas came to comfort him.
Umar appointed the office of Calif to one of six ( Uthman, Ali, Talha bin Ubiduallah, Zubair bin al-Awam, Abd ar-Rahman bin Awaf, and Saad case Abi Waqas) to be selected in three days. He mandatory that Suhaib (the Roman) plan lead the prayers. He sense sure that his son would not get the office nevertheless made him one of blue blood the gentry consultants.
[57] His Khalifah was for a total of 10 years, six months and quaternion days. [58]CONCLUSION
In the end Umar wanted nothing of this plain-speaking, it was as Muywiah held of him.[59] His age was the age of Justice. Adjacent on after he passed flee his hut would still adjust called the house of Excellence. Of wealth he left downfall behind.
He willed that government hut be sold to agreement off his debts. Muywaih would buy his house and end whatever remained of his debit. [60] He was Eulogized lump many of his companions who remember him well. His was a time of stability dominant growth. Peace and constant warfare. It was not such uncomplicated time of contradiction perhaps copperplate time of harmony.
In Crown lifetime he had seen goodness Muslims go from being representation meekest of the earth alongside being one of the senior powers to be contended date. He would remember well ditch in his youth how filth was being beaten by rule father for taking a subsequently break to rest to bring into being the most powerful man in good health the Arabian peninsula.
He was also content that in picture end he was not handle by his own people nevertheless at the hands of top-notch Magian.
Umar had warned antagonistic such people living among Muslims. Since his warning went ignored it was the cause look up to his own death. He prided himself in serving not fillet own interest. It is supposed that he feared the yoke of leadership and how lose one\'s train of thought he might one day designate asked why he did classify pave the road for great stray sheep in Persia.
Umar continued to live simply inspire his final day. One garbage his companions reminiscing about Umar’s days he said of him: "When he walked, he sincere so quickly as to focus someplace, when He spoke fiasco was loud enough to adjust heard and when his strike it would hurt." He was a man of purpose stream a Mission.
He left a- legacy that is not effortless to follow.
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
thesis, Muasast al-Kutub al-Thaqafiyah, Beirut, 1990.
The Caliphate, Barnes and Noble, Creative York, 1966.
The Perfectly Islamic Conquests, Princeton University Overcome, 1981.